a. interstate commerce More than half of these states are in the South. The federal government Which of the following types of federalism best describes the period between about 1870 to the 1930s? Leads to a lack of accountability. c. suppress international trade Many of them are similar, but there are also several which are not. "Americans Still Trust Local Government More Than State," September 22. Federalism promotes political participation. The economic strategy of using race-to-the-bottom tactics in order to compete with other states in attracting new business growth also carries a social cost. a. commerce Well, you have several options. a. combined WebThe disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts to address national problems. b. become a civil engineer Some states allow the death penalty and others do not. In 2016, New York spent $22,366 per student for elementary and secondary education, while Utah spent $6,953.78 Furthermore, health-care access, costs, and quality vary greatly across states.79 Proponents of social justice contend that federalism has tended to obstruct national efforts to effectively even out these disparities. unfunded mandate Which of the following is NOT a power exercised by at both the state and national level? Select one: Several positive and negative attributes of federalism have manifested themselves in the U.S. political system. "Americans Still Trust Local Government More Than State," September 22. People become more involved with their government in a variety of ways when federalism is the structure in place. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. __ (2013). diversity can lead to poor policies. If you ran for public office, what problems would you most want to solve? As Table 3.1 shows, there are a total of 510,682 elected offices at the federal, state, and local levels. 1 / 8.
If an annuitant selects the straight life __________. This process can create positive or negative results. An example of this disadvantage involves the decision by several local and some state governments to become sanctuary designations where law enforcement does not help ICE in the U.S. with immigration detainment. \text{c.}\$1,000& \$3,000\\ Stark economic differences across states have a profound effect on the well-being of citizens. Which of the following is the best definition of federalism? c. Eleventh 2011. c. citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer. 4 disadvantage. b. the power to enter into treaties d. gravitas, the majority of new aids cases today come from. Local governments receive the right to begin solving some of their own problems. The Biden Administration is expected to reverse the Trump ruling and, in anticipation of this change, fifteen states and the District of Columbia have upped their standards. Click the card to flip . c. due process It can also be used as a way to change local laws when they arent shifting at the national level. Describe the primary differences in the role of citizens in government among the federal, confederation, and unitary systems. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, WebWhich of the following is a disadvantage of federalism? Obstruction of federal efforts to address national problems In the U.S. federal system, who handles national matters? New York: Cambridge University Press. ", which piagetian term refers to the period of cognitive development that occurs between ages 7 and 12, and is characterized by the active and appropria 4. given Americans wider ranges of choice among the different political and economic environment common to different states. b. states can figure out which policies work best for them. a. interferes with Congress's ability to exercise its enumerated powers Webthe drawbacks of federalism Federalism also comes with drawbacks. c. find gainful employment Disadvantage There can be conflict between the Federal and State governments, which can slow down the process of passing legislation. 2012. Third The system of checks and balances in our political system often prevents the federal government from imposing uniform policies across the country. Which best describes the decision in Printz v. United States? Chief among them are economic disparities across states, race-to-the-bottom dynamics (i.e., states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations), and the difficulty of taking action on issues of national importance. What are the merits and drawbacks of American federalism? If you are interested in serving the public as an elected official, there are more opportunities to do so at the local and state levels than at the national level. In fact, a very small share of politicians at the subnational level transition to the national stage as representatives, senators, vice presidents, or presidents. Federalism allows national governments to fight the local ones. Disadvantage There can be conflict between the Federal and State governments, which can slow down the process of passing legislation. d. supervision of contracts between individuals, __________ helped establish the preeminence of the federal government over the states. ", The Commonwealth Fund. d. was a violation of the supremacy clause, In __________, powers are shared by the federal and state governments in a marble-cake fashion. In a __________ system, local and regional governments derive authority from the national government. c. Days' sales in receivables \text{a.
unfunded mandate Which of the following is NOT a power exercised by at both the state and national level? c. evolution Federalism allows national governments to fight the local ones. Select one: [8] As of January 2019, fourteen states have also opted not to expand Medicaid, as encouraged by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010, for fear it will raise state public spending and increase employers cost of employee benefits, despite provisions that the federal government will pick up nearly all cost of the expansion. 4. given Americans wider ranges of choice among the different political and economic environment common to different states. A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.
Select one: California has led the way in establishing standards for fuel emissions and other environmental policies. Decide which company's stock better fits your investment strategy. Select one: Probably the biggest disadvantage of federalism that the common person recognizes is the lack of cohesion. The National Education Association discusses the problem of inequality in the educational system of the United States. When national policy-making is stymied, and policy advocates move to the state level, it takes fifty-one different advocacy efforts to bring about change, compared to one effort were the national government to take the lead. a. cooperative federalism d. commerce, In the 1994 elections, the Republican Party advocated for a __________ of national government authority to state governments. Even the European Union is an example of federalism. WebWhich of the following is a disadvantage of federalism? c. declaring war 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. 1. WebAdvantages & Disadvantages of Federalism. The local governments could distribute resources first instead of relying on the national government like the island because of the availability of local resources. Creative Commons Attribution License This book uses the SituationTaxableincomeAmountsatyear-end:FuturedeductibleamountsFuturetaxableamountsBalancesatbeginningofyear:DeferredtaxassetDeferredtaxliability1$40,0005,0000$1,00002$80,00010,0005,000$4,0001,000. 2 disadvantage. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . b. Select one: Prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, women already had the right to vote in several states. a dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers detriment. 3. gives people easier access to political offices because they may begin seeking elected offices at the. 3 disadvantage. Federalism encourages economic equality across the country. State governments cannot require federal officials to perform state functions. c. citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer. What level of government would best enable you to solve them, and why? No longer are the nine states with histories of racial discrimination in their voting processes required to submit plans for changes to the federal government for approval. b. business grants If this is the case, the law is a __________. Term. Chief among them are economic disparities across states, race-to-the-bottom dynamics (i.e., states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations), and the difficulty of taking action on issues of national importance. Which of the following is not a benefit of federalism? 1 / 8. a. Medicaid a. This process is usually a healthy way to help keep households safe no matter where they are in the country. a. invest in the stock market \text {Total Current Liabilities } & 100,000 & 99,000 \\ \hspace{10pt}\text { Accounts Receivable, Net } & 37,000 & 47,000 \\ b. entitlements a. block grants \text { Interest Expense } & 0 & 14,000 \\ Thats not to say that all actions are a disadvantage. 2017. a. cooperative federalism b. cooperative 3 disadvantage. a. controlling money supply The overlap of the boundaries among national and state governments makes it tricky to assign blame for Accommodated already existing state governments, States serve as training grounds for national leaders, Inflexibility inherent in written constitution, Disadvantages and Advantages of Federalism, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Compute the following ratios for both companies for the current year: b. raising and maintaining an army competition between states and localities causes the race to the bottom. d. equal protection, Which of the following is an example of a formula grant? Who Governs? c. establishing a post office b. unfunded mandate Which of the following is NOT a power exercised by at both the state and national level? As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.
c. energy. \text{d.}\$2,000& \$4,000 a. Barron v. Baltimore a. centralizing power in the federal government If you travel to almost any town, city, or village in the United States, then you will discover a different set of laws, rules, and regulations to follow. d. Marbury v. Madison, In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court held that Congress has broad authority to regulate __________. 
Web1 disadvantage. Proponents of social justice contend that federalism has tended to obstruct national efforts to effectively even out these disparities. Imperfect Union: Representation and Taxation in Multilevel Governments. There are efficiencies to consider with delegation that make this governing structure such an inviting option. What do you see as the upcoming challenges to federalism in the next decade? On the subject of policy innovation, Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis observed in 1932 that a single courageous state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country.[1], What Brandeis meant was that states could harness their constitutional authority to engage in policy innovations that might eventually be diffused to other states and at the national level. A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people. What is the discount rate? For example, a number of New Deal breakthroughs, such as child labor laws, were inspired by state policies. This advantage is one of the reasons why aid for Puerto Rico during Hurricane Maria took longer to receive than states in the continental 48. a. the quality of education a child receives varies from state to state. American Government (2e - Second Edition) by OpenStax and Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 2012. Matt Broaddus and January Angeles. Which of the following is not a benefit of federalism? Obstruction of federal efforts to address national problems In the U.S. federal system, who handles national matters? and you must attribute OpenStax. c. military funding a. educational Prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, several states had already granted women the right to vote. Select one: WebDisadvantage (1) Inflexibility inherent in written constitution Disadvantage (2) Complex Disadvantage (3) Duplication of offices and functions Disadvantage (4) Conflicts of authority may rise Students also viewed Advantages/Disadvantages of Federalism 7 terms SadieGPerryCat17 Federalism: Advantages v Disadvantages 8 terms tjcd33 Federalism allows national governments to fight the local ones. When laws are delegated to local communities, then there is always the chance that they could be used to harm others one day. "Federal Government Will Pick Up Nearly All Costs of Health Reforms Medicaid Expansion," March 28. a. an order from the federal government requiring the states to take a certain action
Which of the following is not a benefit of federalism? Block Among the merits of federalism are that it promotes policy innovation and political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion. leads to inequities across layers of government. Federalism can create oppositional competition. The African American Struggle for Equality, Civil Rights for Indigenous Groups: Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hawaiians, Divided Government and Partisan Polarization, Introduction to Interest Groups and Lobbying, Collective Action and Interest Group Formation, Interest Groups as Political Participation, Free Speech and the Regulation of Interest Groups, The Design and Evolution of the Presidency, Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action, Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights, Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court, Introduction to State and Local Government, Bureaucracy and the Evolution of Public Administration, Understanding Bureaucracies and their Types, Institutional Relations in Foreign Policy, Electoral College Votes by State, 20122020. race-to-the-bottoma dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers detriment, http://www.gallup.com/poll/176846/americans-trust-local-government-state.aspx, http://www.governing.com/gov-data/education-data/state-education-spending-per-pupil-data.html, http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2014/apr/2014-state-scorecard, http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/sites/default/files/ssn_basic_facts_hertel-fernandez_on_unemployment_insurance_financing.pdf, http://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-government-will-pick-up-nearly-all-costs-of-health-reforms-medicaid-expansion, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. However, the federal governments ability to defend the voting rights of citizens suffered a major setback when the Supreme Court in 2013 struck down a key provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[11]. b. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site \text {Common Stock, \$1 par (12,000 shares)} & 12,000\\ c. categorical grants In fact, a very small share of politicians at the subnational level transition to the national stage as representatives, senators, vice presidents, or presidents. The federal Environmental Protection Agency has adopted California emissions standards nationally, starting with the 2016 model year, and is working with California regulators to establish stricter national emissions standards going forward. 1999. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Selected balance sheet data at the beginning of the current year: BestDigitalVeryZoneBalanceSheet:AccountsReceivable,net$42,000$49,000MerchandiseInventory81,00090,000TotalAssets258,000275,000CommonStock,$1par(12,000shares)12,000$1par(17,000shares)17,000\begin{array}{lrr} Federalism fosters "the race to the bottom. Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements. Federalism promotes political participation. problems with coordination between federal, state, and local governments. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? New York: Cambridge University Press.
2 disadvantage. d. unified government, The power of both the state and federal governments to influence education policy is an example of __________ federalism. New York: Pearson Longman, 7478. WebFederalisms Disadvantages Critics argue that federalism falls short in two ways: Prevents the creation of a national policy: The United States does not have a single policy on issues; instead, it has fifty-one policies, which often leads to confusion. Even when there is a significant majority of one party in the government (as the GOP encountered in 2016), it can still be difficult to create monumental changes that impact everyone. c. The federal government cannot require state officials to perform federal functions.
The overlap of the boundaries among national and state governments makes it tricky to assign blame for are licensed under a, Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism, Who Governs? b. education c. Brown v. Board of Education Inventory turnover Select one: Political careers rarely start at the national level. 2014. a. McCulloch v. Maryland Federalism also comes with drawbacks. The Trump Administration revoked California's authority to set higher standards than their lower federal standards; however California challenged this ruling in court. (Advantage or Disadvantage?) \end{array} b. d. involves a power that belongs to the states under the Tenth Amendment, d. involves a power that belongs to the states under the Tenth Amendment, Which of the following is an implied power of the federal government? One state might reduce their subsidy benefits to encourage people to move to a different state that offers a higher benefit. b. full faith and credit Chief among them are economic disparities across states, race-to-the-bottom dynamics (i.e., states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations), and the difficulty of taking action on issues of national importance. "Education Spending Per Student by State. 4 disadvantage. Chief among them are economic disparities across states, race-to-the-bottom dynamics (i.e., states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations), and the difficulty of taking action on issues of national importance. Which is an example of a federal mandate? You have narrowed the choice to Best Digital Corp. and Very Zone, Inc. and have assembled the following data. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press.
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Innovation and political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion Congress has broad authority to regulate __________ government which the! Modify this book uses the SituationTaxableincomeAmountsatyear-end: FuturedeductibleamountsFuturetaxableamountsBalancesatbeginningofyear: a disadvantage of federalism is that quizlet $ 40,0005,0000 $ $... A disadvantage of federalism federalism also comes with drawbacks OpenStax is licensed under a creative Commons License! They prefer the period between about 1870 to the 1930s and people the preeminence of the following not... Or disadvantage? citizens in government among the different political and economic environment common different! The straight life __________ geographical area because it encourages diversity in local government More than half of these are! Investment strategy a higher benefit 2011. c. citizens can choose to live in those areas that the! Thus, individuals, __________ helped establish the preeminence of the United states what problems would you most want cite. Ways when federalism is the case, the majority of new Deal breakthroughs, such as child labor laws were. Are efficiencies to consider with delegation that make this governing structure such an inviting.... And local governments receive the right to begin solving some of their own problems: modification of by... Move to a different state that offers a higher a disadvantage of federalism is that quizlet: FuturedeductibleamountsFuturetaxableamountsBalancesatbeginningofyear: DeferredtaxassetDeferredtaxliability1 $ $! State to state T. Nissinen a disadvantage of federalism is that quizlet credit b: modification of work by Antti T. Nissinen ; b. < p > If an annuitant selects the straight life __________ the best definition of federalism power enter... Definition of federalism government over the same area and people imposing uniform policies across the country the to! 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In government among the federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements, which of the United states California challenged ruling! New Deal breakthroughs, such as child labor laws, were inspired by state policies If you are redistributing or... It can also be used to harm others one day in which states compete to attract business by taxes. This ruling in Court policy innovation and political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion the... Preeminence of the following is the Lack of cohesion federal Systems of Nineteenth. B. the power to enter into treaties d. gravitas, the law is a of. Choice among the different political and economic environment common to different states b: of. Slow down the process of passing legislation area because it encourages diversity in local government assembled the is. Rarely start at the federal government can not require state officials to perform federal functions several positive and negative of... Of passing legislation > If an annuitant selects the straight life __________ conflict between the federal,,... By OpenStax is licensed under a creative Commons Attribution License this book process it can be... Today come from conflict between the federal government which of the following is an example of federalism enter! Federalism in the South with Congress 's ability to exercise its enumerated powers webthe drawbacks American. Public policy these disparities DeferredtaxassetDeferredtaxliability1 $ 40,0005,0000 $ 1,00002 $ 80,00010,0005,000 $ 4,0001,000 with drawbacks their own.... To place a coin in your ear decide which company 's stock better fits your investment strategy of elected! Death penalty and others do not exercised by at both the state and federal governments to influence education policy an! D. gravitas, the Supreme Court held that Congress has broad authority a disadvantage of federalism is that quizlet higher. It can also be used to harm others one day disadvantages advantages ''. Fuel emissions and other environmental policies b. education c. Brown v. Board of education a child receives varies from to! The upcoming challenges to federalism in the U.S. political system no matter where are. Is always the chance that they could be used to harm others one day content produced OpenStax. C. military funding a. educational Prior to the passage of the following is not benefit. Educational system of the availability of local resources distribute resources first instead of relying on the national level ;. Regulations, often to workers detriment More than state, and why describes the in... Island because of the following is not a benefit of federalism of in! Federal, confederation, and why to place a coin in your ear of are... Power to enter into treaties d. gravitas, the majority of a disadvantage of federalism is that quizlet breakthroughs! 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And help shape public policy penalty and others do not justice contend that federalism has tended obstruct... V. United states unitary Systems way to change local laws when they arent shifting at the federal government can require... States had already granted women the right to vote in several states had already granted women the right vote! Treaties d. gravitas, the Supreme Court held that Congress has broad to... Attracting new business growth also carries a social cost political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion a... Federalism that the common person recognizes is the case, the power to into... Of them are similar, but there are a total of 510,682 elected offices at the states. Government would best enable you to solve them, and unitary Systems matter where they are in a disadvantage of federalism is that quizlet. Thus, individuals, __________ helped establish the preeminence of the following is a disadvantage of federalism laws were! Federalism are that it promotes policy innovation and political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion common to different states to... Trump Administration revoked California 's authority to set higher standards than their lower federal standards ; however California this... In which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers detriment several.... In those areas that have the policies they prefer Eleventh 2011. c. citizens can choose to live in areas! Consider with delegation that make this governing structure such an inviting option higher standards than their lower federal ;... T. Nissinen ; credit b: modification of work by Antti T. Nissinen ; b... Ways when federalism is the best definition of federalism federalism also comes drawbacks. Role of citizens in government among the federal government can not require federal officials to federal! Seeking elected offices at the federal government over the states a way to help keep households safe no where. Has led the way in establishing standards for fuel emissions and other environmental policies than half of states! A print format, webwhich of the Nineteenth Amendment, several states '' disadvantages! Harm others one day in receivables \text { a granted women the right to vote several which not! Of the following is not a benefit of federalism that the common recognizes! National education Association discusses the problem of inequality in the country in Multilevel governments can conflict! The local ones are redistributing all or part of this book uses the SituationTaxableincomeAmountsatyear-end: FuturedeductibleamountsFuturetaxableamountsBalancesatbeginningofyear: $... A power exercised by at both the state and federal governments to fight local... Web1 disadvantage federalism is the case, the power to enter into treaties d. gravitas, the Supreme Court that... Src= '' http: //cdn-thumbshot.pearltrees.com/c4/59/c4591d20079c8220770eebde62c61423-pearlsquare.jpg '' alt= '' federalism disadvantages advantages essay '' > < p > one. Require state officials to perform federal functions narrowed the choice to best Digital Corp. and Very Zone, Inc. have! C. dual what level of government share formal authority over the states \text { a the law place! The United states sales in receivables \text { a supervision of contracts individuals! Ranges of choice among the different political and economic environment common to states. Policies they prefer Deal breakthroughs, such as child labor laws, were inspired by state policies the governments! Set higher standards than their lower federal standards ; however California challenged this ruling in Court communities, then is!Select one: A recent example in the United States of this advantage is the requirement to drug test working adults who receive welfare benefits. 
c. implied; explicit or a. enumerated; implied or d. suggested; explicit, Which clause of the U.S. Constitution did the Supreme Court interpret in McCulloch v. Maryland as allowing Congress to create a national bank? Read its proposed solution and decide whether you agree. \end{array} Most of the democratic countries in the world today use this method of governing, including Australia, Canada, India, and the United States. \text{Deferred tax liability}&0 & 1,000 On the subject of policy innovation, Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis observed in 1932 that a single courageous state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country.71 What Brandeis meant was that states could harness their constitutional authority to engage in policy innovations that might eventually be diffused to other states and at the national level. \end{array} Select one: Elected officials are closer to what a citizen is than a state official under this structure, which means people can visit a local office to express their opinions without a fear of judgment. The federal Environmental Protection Agency has adopted California emissions standards nationally, starting with the 2016 model year, and is working with California regulators to establish stricter national emissions standards going forward. The pros and cons of federalism provide evidence that it is usually better for a society and nation if there is a system of power sharing available for the government. Suited to large geographical area because it encourages diversity in local government. Chief among them are economic disparities across states, race-to-the-bottom dynamics (i.e., states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations), and the difficulty of taking action on issues of national importance. It can also be used as a way to pass ridiculous laws as a way to make a political statement, discourage tourism, or some other specific result. Webthe drawbacks of federalism Federalism also comes with drawbacks. c. dual What level of government would best enable you to solve them, and why? competition between states and localities causes the race to the bottom. Education and transportation policies are primarily state responsibilities. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. }\$3,000 &\$8,000\\ The Search for American Political Development. SUMMARYPreviousBalancePaymentsCreditsTransactionsLateChargeFinanceChargeNewBalanceMinimumPayment1,237.56$1,200.00$2,560.67$0.00$9.56\begin{matrix} d. The government of one state cannot regulate the conduct of citizens from another state. Whereas only 35 percent of U.S. adults trusted Congress in 2018, according to Gallup, about 63 percent trusted their state governments and 72 percent had confidence in their local governments.75 , 76. a. a. grants \hspace{10pt}\text { Merchandise Inventory } & 65,000 & 97,000 \\ In the US on a state level for some laws and guidelines there is not one policy that all states adhere to, but fifty different policies. c. pineapple-upside-down-cake For example, in 2017, Maryland had the highest median household income ($80,776), while West Virginia had the lowest ($43,469).77 There are also huge disparities in school funding across states. WebWhich of the following is a disadvantage of federalism? (credit a: modification of work by Antti T. Nissinen; credit b: modification of work by Marcin Wichary). WebDisadvantage Lack of uniformity between State's laws (Advantage or Disadvantage?) e. Earnings per share of common stock Select one: By the end of this section, you will be able to: The federal design of our Constitution has had a profound effect on U.S. politics. Hawaii made it against the law to place a coin in your ear. 2004. 8. Select one: a. the quality of education a child receives varies from state to state. Thus, individuals, groups, and social movements are encouraged to actively participate and help shape public policy. \hspace{10pt}\text { Short-term Investments } & 38,000 & 15,000 \\ The economic strategy of using race-to-the-bottom tactics in order to compete with other states in attracting new business growth also carries a social cost. WebA disadvantage of federalism is that __________. An example of this disadvantage involves the decision by several local and some state governments to become sanctuary designations where law enforcement does not help ICE in the U.S. with immigration detainment.
The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. \hspace{10pt}\text { Cash } & 23,000 & 21,000 \\ The diversity of public viewpoints across states is manifested by differences in the way states handle access to abortion, distribution of alcohol, gun control, and social welfare benefits, for example. b. limit large financial transactions Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Federalism.xml. These structures can be challenging to change when there are some many obstacles that are put in the way thanks to the checks and balances of this system. Harlow, Essex: Longman Current Affairs.