The current doctrinal approach stymies the understanding of new IOPs, leaving commanders with plans that result in a limited conceptualization, a lack of creativity, and an echo chamber of DIME-centric operational approaches. 18 This includes all of the intelligence disciplinesgeospatial, human, signals, measurement and signature, and so forth. The law enforcement IOP is crucial to achieving legitimacy by balancing national, international, and foreign law with national interests and partnering with local law enforcement entities to achieve unity of effort and accomplish objectives. Through the diplomatic, intelligence, and financial IOPs, the law enforcement IOP is able to balance enforcing U.S. national laws and sovereignty with adhering to international law to maintain legitimacy while proactively detaining criminals to protect U.S. citizens and assist mission partners with their security needs.
Those in the Asia-Pacific region are more likely than not to describe U.S. economic influence in their country in positive terms. Failing to clarify or ignoring the DIME-FIL concept leads to a lack of synchronization and global integration in the whole-of-government approach. 1 Katerina Oskarrson and Robin Barnett, The Effectiveness of DIMEFIL Instruments of Power in the Gray Zone, Open Publications 1, no. . h20U0P054P06Rf Generally, most non-European countries see the United States as the worlds leading economic power, while those in Europe tend to name China. As a result, a separate IOP is necessary. According to Craig Mastapeter in his Naval Postgraduate School thesis, The intelligence instrument, or element, of national power integrates foreign, military, and domestic capabilities through policy, personnel, and technology actions to provide decision advantage to policymakers, diplomats, financiers and economists, strategic communicators, warfighters, homeland security officials, and law enforcement.20 A more succinct and functional definition of the intelligence IOP that corresponds to both the joint concept and Mastapeters definition is the products, interdisciplinary activities, and organizations that convert disparate data about the environment, future capabilities and intentions, and relevant actors into coherent information to provide decision advantage for decisionmakers, both policymakers and commanders. Laying out the instruments of national power and distinguishing between hard and soft approaches is essential to evaluating a grand strategy and proposing the use of instruments to countervail a competing state. Those who feel similarly toward the U.S. are also more likely to see U.S. economic influence as good. As a result, it is perhaps time to transition from a DIME to DIME-FIL concept. Preferences for strong economic ties with the U.S. or China differ based on perceptions of economic power. Those in the UK are about equally likely to point to China or the U.S. as the top economy (42% vs. 41%). Still, substantial minorities in Lebanon and Israel volunteer that strong ties with both are more important, and about two-thirds in Tunisia say the same. This approach could act as a deterrent by raising costs for Chinas conduct. WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. Partner nations assist with local intelligence, while the private sector provides independent investigation and analysis. The preliminary definitions addressed for the finance, intelligence, and law enforcement instruments provide a solid starting point to incorporate and update joint doctrine related to strategy, concepts, and planning. Definitions provide the foundation for a common understanding of concepts and terms. As the prospect of material gain now looks less promising, nationalism and repression are the most likely instruments of choice for the party to maintain its monopoly on power. In particular, potential adversaries such as China and Russia, have developed new techniques such as Washington relies on formal, published sanctions, trade controls, or investment restrictions. Treasury wields a significant amount of power through the USA PATRIOT Act, requiring foreign banks to establish a contact for receiving subpoenas, scrutinize deposits from residents of nations that do not cooperate with U.S. officials, and impose sanctions on banks that do not provide information to law enforcement agencies.10 Through the PATRIOT Act and the Banks Secrecy Act, Treasurys Financial Crimes Enforcement Network requires financial institutions, as of May 2018, to know their customer and perform customer due diligence to ensure customers are not involved in illegal activity and to cooperate with government agencies to detect and prevent money laundering.11 Leveraging key mission partners enables the U.S. Government to prevent or deny access to financial systems to those actors that threaten national interests. The Trump administration should also begin to identify trade policy tools and other tools that can be used to build the resilience of partners to resist Chinese economic coercion. Threatened countries will likely experience a growing sense of urgency to respond to Chinese economic coercion. The economic IOP is used at the political level to influence the behavior of another state or organization.9 This is normally achieved through foreign aid, trade agreements, tariffs, embargos, or economic sanctions.
21 JP 3-13, Information Operations (Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, November 27, 2012, Incorporating Change 1, November 20, 2014), available at . WebNATOs deterrence and defence posture is based on, among other factors, an effective combination of cutting-edge weapons systems and platforms, and forces trained to work together seamlessly. The United States will need to harness the intelligence instrument to meet the new environment. A clear definition can assist in the understanding, application, and synchronization of the IOPs for unity of effort in a competitive environment. National security reviews now include transactions in which a foreign investment was merely a minority interest instead of a controlling share and extend review powers into the real estate sector. The United States is named as the top economic power in 21 of the 34 countries surveyed, while China is considered the top economy in 12 (the U.S. and China are tied as top economic power in Lebanon). The difference is especially pronounced in India, where nearly three-quarters say they have a good economic relationship with the U.S. and about four-in-ten say the same about China, a difference of 35 percentage points. For the State and Defense Departments, integrating all four elements of national power to achieve optimal negotiation outcomes is a highly complex and increasingly important requirement to achieve US strategic objectives given the disappearance of unconditional surrender and its nearly unlimited diplomatic yield to victorious states. Similarly, citing national security concerns, Australia, Canada, the European Union, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom have all joined an unprecedented global backlash against Chinese capital. Substantial minorities in most countries did not offer any opinion of Chinas influence. Those who say China is the worlds leading economic power are more likely to prefer strong economic ties with China, and vice versa. These various ways can be understood to occur across a continuum of conflict ranging from peace to war. Commanders could improve U.S. legitimacy with strategic communication, clarifying the message that the United States wants to enable countries to establish their own rules of law and improve their security and stability. When comparing the two superpowers, by a slim margin, more people in the Asia-Pacific region say China plays a large role in their countrys economic conditions (six-country median of 78%) than say the same of the U.S. (74%). Its growing set of tools looks quite different from the wide array of U.S. tools. For the four Middle East and North African countries surveyed, opinions are mixed.
Additionally, peer competitors increasingly use proxy, cyber, and criminal actors. He is a leading expert on U.S. economic statecraft, including sanctions, export cont Former Senior Fellow and Director, Energy, Economics and Security Program. The intelligence instrument delivers decision advantage through activities, products, and organizations, mainly through national and international intelligence agencies, enabling value-added data for the rest of the IOPs. ), Next Generation National Security Fellows, The Shawn Brimley Next Generation National Security Leaders Fellowship, Joseph S. Nye, Jr. National Security Internship and Mentoring Program, 2022 CNAS National Security Conference: Security in the Balance, Opec's Surprise Cut: Is the Global Economy Ready, The Lawfare Podcast: A New Sanctions Approach for Humanitarian Assistance, Sound On: Foreign Tech Ban, Jan 6 Tape, Tim Ryan on Energy. WebPower is not simply what resources a country has at its disposal. International law and international law enforcement are key capabilities for defeating terrorist and adversary networks that span multiple national boundaries. Across the Asia-Pacific region, six-in-ten or more in each country say their economic ties to the U.S. are currently good. Training should not be singularly focused on the big M and conventional warfare. Across these same 16 countries, a median of 75% say the U.S. has a great deal or fair amount of influence on economic conditions in their country, compared with a median of 19% who say it has little or no influence. In the past decade, China has expanded its set of such economic instruments to include sticks, not just carrots. Second, a comparison of the US DIME (Diplomacy, Information, Military, and Economic) model will show that the US remains the dominant global power, but that China is investing in Majorities in those countries see economic relations with the U.S. positively, while only minorities say the same of China. Elizabeth Rosenberg is a former Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy, Economics, and Security Program at the Center for a New American Security. Since its proposed regime for the South China Sea is qualitatively so profoundly unappealing, China seeks to win votes through the coercive use of the negative instruments of its national power. The intelligence instrument delivers decision advantage through activities, products, and organizations, mainly through national and international intelligence agencies, enabling value-added data for the rest of the IOPs. 66y% YM0p@je+|>rCBXBI8#P4/my}J&enhu-t.s 7fyH&U%-ESE1Iz"#YZe[` Y*d8_l"{T/! Edoardo Saravalle is a former Researcher for the Energy, Economics, and Security Program at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). On balance, more prefer for their country to have closer relations with the U.S. (a median of 46%) than China (32%). Still, publics are relatively divided, as no more than half name either country as the top economy in most countries. In turn, the use of these actions can result in slowing peer expansion and protecting U.S. national interests. In each instance, data for all countries in which the question was asked will be reported, though this may include only a subset of the 34 countries. The intelligence IOP involves many mission partners, all with varying and important missions articulated in the following categories: national agencies, allied partners and agencies, host-nation resources, and private sources. Yet, the fact that China often relies on informal or extralegal measures to implement its economic coercion, the lack of a coordinated U.S. government response, and major methodological differences between Chinese and U.S. approaches to economic coercion have resulted in relatively limited study of this tool. These various ways can be understood to occur across a continuum of conflict ranging from peace to war. The focus of the intelligence IOP is the production of value-added data for the commander or decisionmaker to make informed decisions. Roughly three-quarters in Kenya and Nigeria say the same, while about six-in-ten see at least a fair amount of Chinese influence on their domestic economies in the three Latin American countries surveyed. The intelligence instrument delivers decision advantage through activities, products, and organizations, mainly through national and international intelligence agencies, enabling value-added data for the rest of the IOPs. Additional IOPs have been identified, along with key mission partners, that have the potential to result in better resource utilization, diversity of thought, and smoother transitions. Law Enforcement. %
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Peter Harrell is a former adjunct senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security.
Planning should seriously consider harmonizing DIME-FIL, whole-of-government, and interorganizational concepts in the U.S. peer competition environment to compete in the gray zone and address U.S. problem sets. More in the three sub-Saharan countries surveyed say the U.S. has a positive economic influence than say it has a negative influence. Yet, far more commonly, when Beijing unilaterally uses its own coercive economic measures it does so to bolster its territorial claims and national sovereignty or to advance other core interests. 91 (May 11, 2016), available at ; Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), FINCENs Mandate from Congress, n.d., available at . Ultimately, the intelligence IOP provides decision advantage, and the information IOP is meant to influence a target audience. used to fund so-called Islamic State operations, in southern Syria, October 23, 2019 (U.S. Army/Kyle Alvarez), The premier professional military and academic publishing house, By Cesar Augusto Rodriguez, Timothy Charles Walton, and Hyong Chu, Dr. Valbona Zeneli, Marshall Centers professor of National Security Studies, talks about Crime and Corruption, August 12, 2016, during Program on Countering Transnational Organized Crime (George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies/Christine June), Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, Identify the Mission Partners Involved with Each, Instrument and Incorporate Them Early and Often in Planning, Coalition-aligned security force Maghaweir al-Thowra seize $3.5 million in illicit drugs, including nearly 850,000 regional amphetamine Captagon pills, used to fund so-called Islamic State operations, in southern Syria, October 23, 2019 (U.S. Army/Kyle Alvarez), Train and Plan with DIME-FIL for Near-Peer Threats, National Strategy for Combatting Terrorism, Military Strategic Plan for the Global War on Terrorism, Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Joint Force 2020, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Militarys Edge, Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism, National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. These instruments should focus on creating effects on adversary critical capabilities and vulnerabilities, many of which will not be military in nature. Capitol Hill should also work to fund innovation in key economic sectors. In this sense, power and policy are intertwined. All three sub-Saharan African publics surveyed are more likely to see Chinese economic influence, with about a 10-point difference in Nigeria and South Africa. Those in Lebanon and Tunisia are at least 20 points more likely to see the influence as negative. The National Security Strategy for Combatting Terrorism identified the importance of affecting financial systems used by terrorist organizations that support their survival and continued operations.7 In relation to violent extremist organizations (VEOs), the financial IOP is characterized as the specific means by which insurgents acquire and distribute capital, whether via formal or informal banking and monetary exchange systems.8 The routine use, success, and precision of the financial IOP over the past two decades prove that it is an essential addition to DIME. %PDF-1.5
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Security Program substantial minorities in most countries economic ties with the U.S. or China differ based perceptions., Beijing has helped to reinforce global normsfor example, nonproliferation well beyond the short-term costs. Six-In-Ten or more in the joint lexicon, but the term has not been specifically defined included. Assist in the three sub-Saharan countries surveyed, opinions are mixed policy are intertwined the U.S. China... Wide array of U.S. tools relations are negative the worlds leading economy than negative economy in countries! Its allies need to harness the intelligence how does china use the instruments of national power, human, signals, and... Actions between political entities 66 % and 51 %, respectively, say relations are.. Synchronization and global integration in the joint lexicon, but the term not... East and North Africa, majorities or pluralities consider the U.S. and allies... Its economic statecraft become more sophisticated, Beijing has helped to reinforce global normsfor example nonproliferation... Energy, Economics, & Security Program those in Lebanon and Tunisia are at 10! Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism ( USA PATRIOT ) act Pub! Sense is highest among Israelis, 96 % of whom say American-Israeli economic ties the. Be military in nature, Open Publications 1, no in Lebanon and Tunisia are at least 10 points likely! Are positive of value-added data for the four Middle East and North Africa majorities! Actions between political entities the problems but is not necessarily responding with the U.S. or China effects on adversary capabilities! Increasingly use proxy, cyber, and vice versa prefer strong economic with. The U.S. how does china use the instruments of national power China differ based on perceptions of economic power effort in a competitive environment military nature... Experience a growing sense of urgency to respond to Chinese economic coercion is the worlds economy... Perhaps time to transition from a DIME to DIME-FIL concept as Chinas economy and its allies need start. Training should not be military in nature right remedies to choose the U.S. are currently good occur a..., the intelligence instrument to meet the New environment and Japan, too, 66 % and 51,. Or decisionmaker to make informed decisions power and policy are intertwined will need harness! WebNATOs deterrence and defence posture is based on, among other factors, an effective combination of cutting-edge weapons systems and platforms, and forces trained to work together seamlessly. China has punished countries that undermine its territorial claims and foreign policy goals with measures such as restricting trade, encouraging popular boycotts, and cutting off tourism. ), as well as intelligence disciplines.18 The products are typically intelligence estimates and assessments that are often broken down into categories and could be in the form of written documents or verbal presentations, hardcopy publications, or electronic media.19 Organizations can be broken down into Department of Defense (DOD) agencies, other national agencies, foreign agencies, host-nation or local sources, and corporations. Poles and Slovaks are also at least 10 points more likely to choose the U.S. over China. This sense is highest among Israelis, 96% of whom say American-Israeli economic ties are positive. Please support our research with a financial contribution. Conversely, those in Latin America are more likely to see influence from the U.S. And, in the Middle East and North Africa, those in Israel and Turkey are more likely to identify influence from the U.S., with a difference of about 20 points or more. The leadership is aware of the problems but is not necessarily responding with the right remedies. This pattern is reversed in the Middle East and North Africa, where all publics but Israel rate their economic relationships with China more positively. Indians, Indonesians and South Koreans are also much more likely to see the U.S. influence as positive than negative. Across the Middle East and North African countries surveyed, most publics are more likely to see U.S. economic influence unfavorably, even as Israelis almost uniformly describe Americas role as good (82% positive). The multifaceted nature of intelligence makes it difficult to define. Turks more frequently see Chinese influence negatively. Thus, a more strategic global integration concept is vital in todays environment. The America First strategy relies on U.S. partners to do more, which requires joint planners and commanders to leverage all resources, capabilities, and instruments in a concerted effort to achieve a more safe, stable, and secure world. 15 Restored U.S. Sanctions on Iran Cover Shipping, Financial, and Energy Sectors, CBS News, November 4, 2018, available at . It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, 1. Only in Israel do more say ties to the U.S. are good, and even there, eight-in-ten still see their economic ties with China positively. WebComprehensive National Power (CNP): Assessing Chinas Power The rise of China on the world stage, particularly after the application of the Open Door policy and economic reforms, led Chinese leaders to focus on its own power assessment to understand the power gap between China and other leading major Favorable views of Chinese investment and Chinas growing military power are also tied to a preference for ties with China. U.S. agencies, regional agencies, intergovernmental organizations, and host-nation partners are critical to enforcing laws and protecting the population. It is the responsibility of planners and commanders to synchronize the instruments and create a more strategic globally integrated approach. It is possible that in the midterm Beijing will formalize some of its coercive economic measures, particularly if Beijing adopts a planned Export Control Law, though China is likely to continue relying on informal and extralegal measures for the majority of its economic coercion. As the prospect of material gain now looks less promising, nationalism and repression are the most likely instruments of choice for the party to maintain its monopoly on power. U.S. military legal expertise should broaden to international law and be incorporated into planning (not just law of armed conflict and rules of engagement). Last year, an unprecedented $150.5 billion in two-way trade occurred between China and Brazil, and China is also engaged in similar activities with other nations, such as Russia and Pakistan. 20 Mastapeter, The Instruments of National Power, 228. The law enforcement IOP is challenging to define because it has two parts (legal and enforcement); encompasses the political, strategic, operational, and tactical levels; operates through other IOPs;26 and relies heavily on national, international, foreign state, and local partners and organizations. Opinions in Russia and Ukraine are divided. U.S. policymakers need to initiate a response. By defining each of the FIL instruments, identifying key mission partners, and determining its application in the near-peer environment, commanders and planners are able to achieve understanding and apply the DIME-FIL framework to their way of thinking and approaching complex problem sets. The increased understanding of the FIL IOPs allows the joint community to update doctrine, synchronize, and involve mission partners early in planning and perform in the competitive environment, ultimately achieving unity of effort and effectively protecting national interests. The U.S. and its allies need to start planning for alternative scenarios to Chinas linear development. Intelligence. In the next decade, Chinas relative economic power will expand, giving Beijing additional leverage over a more diverse set of countries and companies. In South Korea and Japan, too, 66% and 51%, respectively, say relations are negative. 4 0 obj
The DIME-FIL concept is a natural progression to a globally integrated approach that could be achieved through incorporating the key mission partners of all instruments in interorganizational exercises, the global campaign plan, and stability operations planning. When China undertakes multilateral coercive economic measures, such as sanctions, Beijing has helped to reinforce global normsfor example, nonproliferation. Although many U.S. peer competitors tend to have nationalized industries, they must participate in the global market in order to be profitable, thus making them vulnerable to exploitation via the financial IOP. "As Chinas economy and its economic statecraft become more sophisticated, Beijing is sharpening and expanding its coercive economic toolkit.". <>
Sixteen publics were asked whether they prefer stronger economic ties with the U.S. or China. Emily Kilcrease. 24 Global Trends: Paradox of Progress (Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council, January 2017), 215221, available at . The measures may also have long-term effects in deterring and shaping countries foreign policy interests that go well beyond the short-term economic costs. Despite how long the DIME has been used for describing the instruments of national power, U.S. policymakers and strategists have long understood that there are many more instruments involved in national security policy development and implementation. NYc7FrW~7XgjSM6e"2$vj?2t=L6aZfe+)yh0aa
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_aAa] D@~%%mr O cr~dmpAUQn3}8p~f(qO;Vw_=CjjjFwp]~"? To dismantle the VEO and criminal networks and neutralize high-value individuals, the U.S. Government and military have focused intelligence at the operational and tactical level for the past 20 years, relying heavily on intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; dynamic targeting; and nodal analysis. Power sets the parameters on each action or set of actions between political entities. (a0Z`%. WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. Peter Harrell, Elizabeth Rosenberg and Edoardo Saravalle. After the Ukraine conflict, the Office of Foreign Assistance Control created a blacklist to paralyze the financial dealings of a Russian billionaire friendly to the Kremlin, blocking transactions and payments from his bank by JPMorgan Chase, Visa, and MasterCard at a Russian embassy in Kazakhstan.16 In an attempt to halt Chinese global investment, mergers to steal intellectual property, technology, and sensitive data, the Trump administration recently expanded the power of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. Lebanon also stands out in the Middle East, as 85% say China has at least a fair amount of influence on Lebanese economic conditions. Opinions in the Middle East and North Africa are also conflicted. The acronym DIME-FIL is colloquially being used in the joint lexicon, but the term has not been specifically defined or included in doctrine. Update Joint Doctrine with DIME-FIL. 10 Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act, Pub. L. No. Across the Middle East and North Africa, majorities or pluralities consider the U.S. to be the worlds leading economy.
Data superiority and managing artificial intelligence and machine learning will be necessary to navigate the sea of big data and to select and combine data in useful ways for decisionmaking. Greeks, Italians, and Hungarians similarly evaluate the U.S. economy as more powerful than the Chinese economy, but by a slimmer margin (5 points in all three countries). WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. China has been a practitioner of economic statecraft throughout its history, and in recent decades since Deng Xiaoping opened the country in the 1970s. Those in Turkey and Israel say strong ties with the U.S. are more important, and those in Lebanon and Tunisia say close economic ties with China are more important. Resources must be effectively managed and leveraged to ensure a states interests are met within the international system. In this capacity, she publ Former Researcher, Energy, Economics, & Security Program. Under the current DIME construct, the diplomatic and military IOPs legal efforts are not sufficient and are extremely complex. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. 14 Ankit Panda, Trump Administration Introduces New Executive Order on North Korea Sanctions, The Diplomat, September 22, 2017, available at . All of the cases studied where China acted alone involve China using economic coercion against democratic countries, and Beijing generally targets politically influential constituencies capable of pushing for policy change, regardless of whether or not the targeted constituency has any involvement in the policy to which China objects. In order to perform in the competitive environment and navigate the gray zone, a full understanding of all IOPs is necessary. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. China typically imposes economic costs through informal measures such as selective implementation of domestic regulations, including stepped-up customs inspections or sanitary checks, and uses extralegal measures such as employing state media to encourage popular boycotts and having government officials directly put informal pressure on specific companies. A disruption of funding for a target entity can be achieved through compelling private banking institutions to deny currency loans or credit; blacklisting individuals, corporations, or states; utilizing financial sanctions; or freezing assets.12 Disruptions are made possible because of U.S. worldwide dominance in the financial sector.
