[38][39], R1a1a1-M17 (22.1%-25.6%) is the second most prevailing haplogroup. [59] There they belonged to the Antes tribal polity until the Antes were attacked by the Avars in 560, and the polity was finally destroyed 602 by the same Avars. [30] There were Yugoslavian scholars like Ferdo ii and Nada Klai who allowed limited non-Slavic origin of certain elements in Croatian ethnogenesis, but they were usually connected with the Pannonian Avars and Bulgars.
[12] This is documented in chapter 30 and 31 of Constantine VII's work. The "NW Balkans" cluster also had "slightly longer within-cluster IBD segments than NE Balkans, which is matched with a consistently lower Ne and elevated ROHsuggestive of a smaller population than the northeast of the Balkans". Hope that makes sense. [55] In the 2014 mtDNA PCA analysis, the populations from eastern and southern Croatia clustered together with Bosnia and Herzegovina, while western and northern Croatia with Slovenia. WebThe Croatoan Indians were a tribal group of Carolina Algonquians who probably inhabited both present-day Hatteras and Ocrac oke Islands at the time of the arrival of the English explorers and colonists sent by Sir Walter Raleigh in the 1580s. [95][96][97], Historians and archaeologists until now concluded that Avars never lived in Dalmatia proper (including Lika) yet somewhere in Pannonia,[98][99] there is lack of authentic early Avar archaeological findings within Croatia which doesn't support thesis about elite warriors, the Croatian ethnonym is recorded on the territory of Avar Khaganate several centuries after its end,[100] and that Turkic ethnic component in Croatian ethnogenesis was negligible,[101] while the late migration theory since 1970s is criticized and rejected by mainstream scholarship because is misinterpreting archaeological data which shows 7th century Slavic-Croatian migration and settlement, there wasn't any detectable new foreign group in the 9th century neither its and Croats are mentioned in detailed Frankish sources, Frankish military equipment doesn't indicate arrival of a new ethnic group neither was found on the territory of Obotrites in Vojvodina. The definition of Croatian ethnogenesis begins with the definition of ethnicity,[1] according to which an ethnic group is a socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural or other experience, and which shows a certain durability over the long period term of time. In the 2014 study, of the three successfully generated SNP profiles of Neolithic Starevo culture samples from Vinkovci, two belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup G2a-P15 and one to I2a1-P37.2, which could indicate G2a as potential representatives of the spread of farming from the Near East to Europe, while I2a as Mesolithic substratum in Europe. [60], For decades the Croatian insular populations have been studied because of their isolation which can trace micro-evolutionary processes and understand evolutionary forces, like genetic drift (specific genetic expression), founder effect and population bottlenecks (reduction of population size) which shaped the contemporary population. Claire Dubrey actress (father was from Dalmatia) Jenna Elfman television and movie actress (of partial Croatian descent; niece of Tony Butala) Judah Friedlander actor and comedian (mother of Croatian descent) Mira Furlan television and film actress. The Ministry is giving a hard time to descendants of Croatians who left Croatia for another country within Europe more specifically, Eastern Europe. Among them were present "paternal lineages typical of Balkan Neolithic populations (eleven G2a2, two I2a1a(xI2a1a2), one I2a2, C and C1a2-V20)". Also, Croatians and Bosnians look so different from any Persian out there, so I don't know Europeans could descend from Persians. The Ministry is giving a hard time to descendants of Croatians who left Croatia for another country within Europe more specifically, Eastern Europe. Croats are descendants of the Serbs and the genetic match of both peoples is nearly identical, with the difference that Serbs are the older of the two peoples and therefore, practically created the Croatian nation, Before its news reported. . " ", "Craniofacial Characteristics of Croatian and Syrian Populations", "Craniometric relationships of medieval Central European populations: Implications for Croat ethnogenesis", "Kraniometrijska analiza srednjovjekovnih nalazita sredinje Europe: Novi dokazi o ekspanziji hrvatskih populacija tijekom 10. do 13. stoljea", Anthropological material from Zelenche, an ancient Rus period burial ground, "Od Hrvata pak koji su stigli u Dalmaciju odvojio se jedan dio i zavladao Ilirikom i Panonijom: Razmatranja uz DAI c. 30, 75-78", "Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database", "The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations", "The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe", "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data", "Veze srednjoazijskih prostora s hrvatskim srednjovjekovljem", "Avari: osvrt na njihovu etnogenezu i povijest", "Hrvatska etnogeneza: pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija (s naglaskom na euroazijske/nomadske sadraje)", Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates", "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe", "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations", "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", "Frequencies of mtDNA Haplogroups in Southeastern Europe-Croatians, Bosnians and Herzegovinians, Serbians, Macedonians and Macedonian Romani", "Cultural inter-population differences do not reflect biological distances: an example of interdisciplinary analysis of populations from Eastern Adriatic coast", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats&oldid=1146072974, Articles with failed verification from June 2021, Articles with disputed statements from June 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 March 2023, at 16:31. [127] The northern and the western parts of that sea were steppes and plains, while the modern Croatian islands (rich in Paleolithic archaeological sites) were hills and mountains. [29][28] The official theory also ignored some historical sources, like the account of Constantine VII, and considered that the Croats and Serbs were the same Slavic people who arrived in one and the same migration, and unwilling to consider foreign elements in those separate societies. .
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[123] Other IBD and admixture studies also found even patterns of admixture events among South, East and West Slavs at the time and area of Slavic expansion, and that the shared ancestral Balto-Slavic component among South Slavs is between 55-70%. [88] Pohl noted that the Kronsteiner's merit was that, instead of the previously usual "ethnic" ethnogenesis, he proposed a "social" one.
An additional significant migration happened from Bosnia and Herzegovina, an expansion which was influenced by the Ottoman Empire's conquest since the 15th century, as well by Croatian immigration prior and post World Wars I and II and Croatian War of Independence. It would be worthwhile to add that the Croatian national flag is derived from the chessboard, thus some nationalist historians consider Croatians the descendants of Bozorgmehr, the chess master and minister of the Sassanid era. [54] The Slavic-Iranian cultural interrelation was pointed out by modern ethnologists, like Marijana Gui who in the ritual Ljelje noticed the influence from Pontic-Caucasian-Iranian sphere,[55][56] Branimir Gui,[56] and archaeologists Zdenko Vinski and Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini. [53], Haplogroup W frequency in the mainland and coastal population is between 2.2 and 4.2%, while between insular populations 1.9-3.1%, with exception in Krk (7.5%),[57] and Cres (12.6%). [63] The 2015 IBD analysis found that the South Slavs have lower proximity to Greeks than with East and West Slavs, and that there's an "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs'inter-Slavic' populations (Hungarians, Romanians and Gagauz)and South Slavs, i.e. [53], Haplogroup U (18.85% in 2014,[58] 22% in 2020[54]) is mostly represented by its subclade U5 which is the second most frequent haplogroup, with 11.6% in the mainland and 10.4% in the coast, with similar frequencies in the islands of Bra (8.6%), Krk (11.3%), and Hvar (14.8%), while lowest in Korula (2%).
[15] Similarly Henry Hoyle Howorth asserted that the White Croats were a Bulgar warrior caste to whom was given land in the Western Balkans due to expulsion of the Pannonian Avars following the revolt of Kubrat against the Avar Khaganate. [48] In 1853 were discovered the two Tanais Tablets. [31][41], Some scholars like Nada Klai considered that Thomas the Archdeacon despised Slavs/Croats and that wanted to depreciate them as barbarians with Goths identification, however, until the time of Renaissance the Goths were seen as noble barbarians compared to Huns, Avars, Vandals, Langobards, Magyars and Slavs, and as such he would not identify them with the Goths.
Croatians now follow a unique, and slightly complex structuring, lettering, naming custom and composition, which is similar to most of the European naming systems.
WebAl Christy - actor. [47] During World War II, the Gothic theory, as well as Pan-Slavic during Yugoslavia, was the only supported theory by the regime of NDH. The regional influences are embraced instead of being resisted, with little dabs of Croatian class added to great effect.
According to Constantine VII's work De Administrando Imperio (10th century), a group of Croats separated from the White Croats who lived in White Croatia and arrived by their own will, or were called by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (610-641), to Dalmatia where they fought and defeated the Avars, and eventually organized their own principality. (2015), PC1vsPC2 plot based on whole genome SNP data per Kushniarevich et al. [94][71] Alimov additionally argues that the Croats "lived originally in the territory of the Carpathian Basin, being closely connected with the Avars, but then had to leave it, taking cover from the Avars behind mountain ranges [Dalmatian, Alpine, Silesian and Carpathian]", possibly due to conflict with the Avars as Kubrat's supporters in 630s. [4][5] They belonged to the Middle Copper Age Lasinja culture, and autosomally 70% of them weren't in close kinship implying "a community composed of many family groups". Pre-Slavic Balkan populations have the most of the Anatolian Neolithic component of ancestry, whereas present-day Slavs outside the Balkans have the least, "with present-day people from Southeastern Europe", including Croats, "intermediate between the two extremes", with Greeks and Albanians having the most while Croats and Hungarians the least. 614-802. 2014 IBD analysis also found "multi-directional admixture events among East Europeans (both Slavic and non-Slavic), dated to around 1,0001,600 YBP" which coincides with "the proposed time-frame for the Slavic expansion". [53], Haplogroup K (7.5% in 2020[54]) has average frequency of 3.6% in the mainland and 6.3% in the coast, it is absent in Lastovo[53] and it has lowest frequency in the islands Cres (3.36%)[56] and Hvar (3.7%), while highest in the island Bra (9.5%). Those in this situation should have a right to apply for citizenship. [56] In 2017 study the greatest outlier due to isolation, endogamy and lowest reported gene diversity index was Susak. I. Sobolevski gave the first systematic theory about the Iranian origin which until today did not change in basic lines. The results until now indicate that the genetic flow and influx of women to the islands was limited. However, the archaeological and other historic evidence on the migration of the Slavic settlers, the character of the native population on the present-day territory of Croatia, and their mutual relationship show diverse historical and cultural influences.
Linguistic evidence suggests that the Croats originate from northwestern Iran and spoke a language related to Iranian.
In addition to high degree of overall homogeneity, there are gradient similarities to a central European cluster (Germanic, Slavic, Hungarian), and a southern European cluster (Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian, South Italian), going from north to south (and east to west). Its subclade T2 has similar frequency of 3.1-5.8% in both the coastal and mainland as well insular population, with exceptional peak in island Hvar (12%),[57][56] and Susak (33%),[55] however the overall haplogroup T has lower frequency in Mljet (1.5%), Lastovo (3.9%) and Dubrovnik (2.3).
[42][43] Also, in the Thomas the Archdeacon's work the starting emphasis is on the decadence of people from Salona, and as such scholars consider the emergence of newcomers Goths/Croats was actually seen as a kind of God's scourge for sinful Romans. [112] According to the 2015 NASU study, medieval burial grounds in Zelenche of Ternopil Oblast and in Halych region in Western Ukraine have "anthropological peculiarities" because of which are different from the near sites of Early Slavic tribes of Volhynians, Tivertsi and Drevlians, and closest "to several distant [medieval] populations of the part of the Western and Southern Slavs (Czechs, Lusatian Slavs, Moravians, and the Croatians). [62], Another interpretation was given by the scholar Jevgenij Paenko; he considered that the Croats were a heterogeneous group of people belonging to the Chernyakhov culture, a poly-ethnic cultural mlange of mostly Slavs and Sarmatians, but also Goths, Getae and Dacians. WebCroatian emigrants and their descendants - gov.hr Croatians living abroad Croatian emigrants and their descendants Croatian diaspora What is typical of all Croatian emigrantswhether they live overseas or in immediate vicinity of their homelandis that they want to cooperate with their homeland. [63] In the 2018 analysis of Slovenian population, the Croatian population again clustered with Slovenians, Hungarians and was close to Czech. According to Principal component analysis and Admixture methods, one of them had East/Northeast Asian, another European/Caucasian and third Near Middle Eastern/North African ancestry. The one Roman period individual from 260 to 402 CE, "who may or may not be representative for the wider population in that time period", had autosomal genetic combination very similar to present-day Southeastern Europeans (including Croats), "adding an important data point to the substantial shift in ancestry that occurred in the region between the Bronze Age and today". [104] This theory is not taken into consideration by scientists because of lack of scientific approach and frequent disregard of existing historiographical scholarship. The Croats trace their history to the 6th and 7th-century southwards migration of the Slavs, which is supported by anthropological, genetical, and ethnological studies. [62][63] However, the etymology itself is not enough strong evidence. [19] Although it is considered that I-L621 might have been present in the CucuteniTrypillia culture,[30] until now was mainly found G2a and non-I2-L621 clades,[2][31] and another clade I2a1a1-CTS595 was present in the Baden culture of the chalcolithic Carpathian Basin. Also, Croatians and Bosnians look so different from any Persian out there, so I don't know Europeans could descend from Persians. [27][31] One of the main difficulties with the Pan-Slavic theory was the Croatian ethnonym which could not be derived from the Slavic language.
WebCroatians and Bosnians are European slavic people, not Iranian people. [3], In the 2021, was made a genome-wide analysis on 38 out of 41 individuals from the 6200 years old massacre at village Potoani in Eastern Croatia. During the Avar expansion into the Balkans peninsula, the Croats moved into what is Croatia today. West Eurasian PCA's, Admixture and genetic affinities of ancient and modern Croatian genomes, per Freilich, Ringbauer, Los et al. In the upcoming historical events and interactions in the region of Dalmatia finished the formation of the Croatian ethnic identity and ethno-political group of people, initially held and promoted by a heterogenous political and military elite of the same name. It is concluded to be caused by the Hunnic and Slavic expansion, which was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large geographic area", particularly "the expansion of the Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in the sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages". The traditions of Central Europe and the Mediterranean are very much alive in the kitchens of Croatia.
[25] However, in the first and second Yugoslavia, the Pan-Slavic (pure-Slavic) theory was particularly emphasized because of the political context and was the only officially accepted theory by the regime,[26][27][28] while other theories which attributed non-Slavic origin and components were ignored and not accepted,[27][28] and even their supporters, because of also political reasons, were persecuted (Milan ufflay, Kerubin egvi, Ivo Pilar). 
There are many ethnic and linguistic sub-divisions within these groups, that are very complex. Croatians now follow a unique, and slightly complex structuring, lettering, naming custom and composition, which is similar to most of the European naming systems. [11] The northern and the western parts of that sea were steppes and plains, while the modern Croatian islands (rich in Paleolithic archeological sites) were hills and mountains. Croatian population is closest to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary and Slovenia.
[52] The last two were supported by art historian scholars (Luka Jeli, Josef Strzygowski, Ugo Monneret de Villard),[53] and religion historian scholars (Johann Peisker, Milan ufflay, Ivo Pilar). [128] Genetical results can not be used as the evidence for a specific ethnic component, but they indicate the main role of the Slavs in the Croatian ethnogenesis.[129]. As Slovenian population does not form Southeast Europe cluster it is considered a possible input from different migration waves of Slavs in the Middle Ages.
[10][15] The highest frequency is found in Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina (63.8-73.3%).
[75] Previously, by some Yugoslavian historians the toponym Obrov(ac) was also considered of Avar origin,[77] and according to Kronsteiner's claims, which many Nada Klai accepted, Klai moved the ancient homeland of White Croats to Carantania. [51], The first scholar who connected the tablets names with Croatian ethnonym was A. L. Pogodin in 1902. [59] Haplogroup X ranges 0.63-3.17%, mainly belonging to subclade X2 > X2b,[58] and recent research of Cres and Rab possibly found a "new, island-specific" X3 lineage which "formed within the Croatian population". [15] Constantine the VII's work was particularly researched by the 17th century historian Ivan Lui,[15][21] who concluded that the Croats came from White Croatia on the other side of the Carpathian mountains, in "Sarmatia" ("Poland", placing them in Eastern Galicia[22]), with which historians today mostly agree upon. [27][74] He tried to prove that early Croats were an upper caste of Avar origin, which blended with Slavic nobility during the 7th and 8th centuries and abandoned their Avar language. WebCroatian emigrants and their descendants - gov.hr Croatians living abroad Croatian emigrants and their descendants Croatian diaspora What is typical of all Croatian emigrantswhether they live overseas or in immediate vicinity of their homelandis that they want to cooperate with their homeland. . [15][71] This is further substantiated by the fact that this story is very similar to other adaptations of Herodotus (IV 33.3) "the Croatian migration did not take place, but Constantine Porphyrogenitus created it relying on the literary models traditionally applied to described the Landnahme of Scythian Barbarians. [16][17] As such, the origin of the early Croats before and at the time of arrival to the present day Croatia, as well as their ethnonym, were an eternal topic of historiography, linguistics and archaeology.