major mountain ranges in europe

This range of mountains stretches across eight countries: France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Monaco and Liechtenstein. Monasteries and churches were constructed, even at high Alpine altitudes. [122] In October 1799 the troops commanded by Alexander Suvorov were surrounded in the Alps by much larger French troops. In effect, many mountain belts mark the boundaries of lithospheric plates, and these boundaries in turn intersect other such boundaries. . [129], Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. [37], The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300million years ago. [24], In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The Apennine Mountains The Apennine. The climate, plant life, and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. Europe can be divided into four major physical regions, running from north to south: Western Uplands, North European Plain, Central Uplands, and Alpine Mountains. Mountain Range Map of Europe. What are the 4 major mountain ranges in the world? Smith, Jennifer Nimmo (2004). [140], In 1816, Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. In the early years of the "golden age of alpinism" initially scientific activities were mixed with sport, for example by the physicist John Tyndall, with the first ascent of the Matterhorn by Edward Whymper being the highlight. [86], Alpine plants such as the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. [12] The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds. The Dinaric Alps are a mountain range in Southern and Southeastern Europe that form a natural boundary between the Adriatic Sea and the Balkan Peninsula. [162], In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Additionally, numerous caves within the range are a significant tourist attraction in the region. In towns such as Aosta, Martigny, Lausanne, and Partenkirchen remains of villas, arenas, and temples have been discovered. The Apennine Mountains are a range consisting of several sub-ranges that run parallel to each other for approximately 1,200 km, along the length of peninsular Italy. Ruwenzori Range Virunga Mountains Republic of the Congo Cristal Mountains Cte d'Ivoire Nimba Range Equatorial Guinea Cristal Mountains Ethiopia Bale Mountains Ethiopian Mountains Simien Mountains Gabon [102] Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400m (1,300ft). Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. The first president of the Alpine Club, John Ball, is considered the discoverer of the Dolomites, which for decades were the focus of climbers like Paul Grohmann, Michael Innerkofler and Angelo Dibona.

[14], The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in an 800km (500mi) arc (curved line) from east to west and is 200km (120mi) in width. Who has the biggest range in the world? Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700m (8,900ft). [6] Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcareous. Hannibal notably crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. Avoriaz (in France), is car-free, with other Alpine villages considering becoming car-free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain. With an elevation of 2,469 m, Galdhpiggen, which is located in South Norway, is the highest peak in the Scandinavian Mountains, as well as the highest point in mainland Northern Europe. 16871693, "Die Besteigung der Berge - Die Dolomitgipfel werden erobert (German: The ascent of the mountains - the dolomite peaks are conquered)", "Cahier d'architecture Haute Maurienne/Vanoise", "What Role Do the Alps Play within World Tourism? Like the Urals, the Caucasus Mountains also form part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. Although the Scandinavian Mountains are relatively low, they are steep in certain parts. The Chteau de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture. [172], The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Folk costume also continues to be worn for most weddings and festivals. Geography: The Alps are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lie in south-central Europe. [18] In areas like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Allgu, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less clear. [104], A mummy of a neolithic human, known as tzi, was discovered on the Similaun. Guests, such as Rudolf Hess, stayed over, sleeping in tents or over the garage. From Constantine I, Pepin the Short and Charlemagne to Henry IV, Napolon and more recently the German Gebirgsjgers during World War II. [69] The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600mm (100in) per year to 3,600mm (140in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. Why Is Biodiversity Critical To Life On Earth? the playing of Alpenhorns), dance (e.g. Luca Ermini et al., "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman," Current Biology, vol. [12], At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. [147], The Alps, Adolf Hitler, and improbable powerful organizations have been subject to crime fiction.

Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.

The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of temperature, often accompanied by precipitation in the form of snow or rain.

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Alpine festivals vary from country to country. -. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000m (13,000ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. Gilles Modica "1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering" (2016), pp 10. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular, the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. The Celts mined salt in areas such as Salzburg, where evidence was found of the Hallstatt culture. [112], During the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar defeated the Helvetii. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Austria (28.7% of the total area), Italy (27.2%), France (21.4%) and Switzerland (13.2%). 1 min read. The highest point is Aneto Peak at 11,169 feet (3,404 meters) in the . The Alps are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia.

Various geological processes lead to the formation of mountain ranges, but a majority of the significant mountain ranges are formed as a result of plate tectonics.The second-largest and the second-most populous continent in the world, Africa is . The Franks expanded their Carolingian Empire, while the Baiuvarii introduced feudalism in the eastern Alps. The Alpine zone, extending from tree line to the snow line, is followed by the glacial zone, which covers the glaciated areas of the mountain. The Rocky Mountains are known as the Canadian .

The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.[155][156]. Major mountain ranges of Europe. Hundreds of peaks within the Alps have elevations of more than 4,000 m. The highest peak in the range is Mont Blanc, which has an elevation of 4,808.73 m. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Meet 12 Incredible Conservation Heroes Saving Our Wildlife From Extinction, India's Leopard God, Waghoba, Aids Wildlife Conservation In The Country, India's Bishnoi Community Has Fearlessly Protected Nature For Over 500 Years, Wildfires And Habitat Loss Are Killing Jaguars In The Amazon Rainforest, In India's Sundarbans: Where People Live Face-To-Face With Wild Tigers, Africa's "Thunderbird" Is At Risk Of Extinction. [44] The Alps are subdivided by different lithology (rock composition) and nappe structures according to the orogenic events that affected them. [59] Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland.

[13] The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Col Agnel, the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, the Simplon Pass, and the Stelvio Pass. Some of the Romance dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Occitan; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Similarly, the river god Alpheus is also supposed to derive from the Greek alphos and means whitish. [41] Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Brianonnais, and Hohe Tauern consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock. Major mountain ranges of Europe. [103], When the ice melted after the Wrm glaciation, paleolithic settlements were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. It is a large, forested area that borders the Rhine Valley to the south and west. [27], Now the pass has been supplanted by the Frjus Highway Tunnel (opened 1980) and Rail Tunnel (opened 1871). This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. Large mountain ranges may be made up of smaller mountain ranges called subranges. [128] The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons. [46], In simple terms, the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African, and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. [71] The Italian Lakes are a popular tourist destination since the Roman Era for their mild climate. [157] Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important.

Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line. The Latin word Alpes could possibly come from the adjective albus[7] ("white"), or could possibly come from the Greek goddess Alphito, whose name is related to alphita, the "white flour"; alphos, a dull white leprosy; and finally the Proto-Indo-European word *albs. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, and woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soil-less scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The three major peninsulas in Southern Europe are the _____, the _____, and the _____., The mountain range known as the _____ isolates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe., Italy, which occupies the _____, is cut off from the rest of Europe by a grand mountain range called the _____. [167] For instance the number of ski resorts and piste kilometres has declined since 2015, a likely result of climatic change.

[44] A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. [100], Several species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120million years ago, long before the Alps were created. For as long as 3,000 miles (4,800 km), they stretch from New Mexico in the south through British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, to Alaska in the United States.. Its most prominent peak is Mount Elbert, located in the state of Colorado in the Sawatch Range. [53], Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years and began to be classified in the 18th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985m (3,232ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there, it has seen continuous use. [39] In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. During World War II the winter games were cancelled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz (1948), Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956), Innsbruck, Austria (1964 and 1976), Grenoble, France, (1968), Albertville, France, (1992), and Torino (2006). For the German river, see, The Alps seen from outer space, taken from the, Christianity, feudalism, and Napoleonic wars, Depending on the definitions used, a small mountain range in western. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. [33] The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages that have become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that scythes are usually necessary to cut the grass. Tetnuldi Mountains [60], Although the Alpine topography shows marked glacial morphologies,[61] the mechanisms by which glacial reshaping occurs are unclear. [28], The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in 1882 the 15km-long (9.3mi) Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel was opened connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. In Austria, the Mondsee lake shows evidence of houses built on piles. Chalets often face south or downhill and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. The Andes are the biggest range when considering length. [165] Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. "[88] Gentians tend to "appear" repeatedly as the spring blooming takes place at progressively later dates, moving from the lower altitude to the higher altitude meadows where the snow melts much later than in the valleys. Belgium. However, although the Alps may be the continent's most well known range, there are numerous other significant mountain range distributed across Europe. [118] In 1291, to protect themselves from incursions by the House of Habsburg, four Alpine cantons drew up the Federal Charter of 1291, which is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighboring kingdoms. [84], Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tne culture was well established. [58] The 1,817km2 (702sqmi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342km2 (518sqmi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. [114], Christianity was established in the Alps by the Roman people. Karl Blodig (18591956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks. 19th century Zermatt avalanche: in the 19th century, 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche. [149] Massive numbers of refugees entered Italy illegally, by navigating the Alps. Data and maps. The highest peaks of the Balkan Mountains are located in the central part of Bulgaria, the tallest of which is Botev Peak, with an elevation of 2,376 m. Several protected areas, such as Central Balkan National Park and Bulgarka Nature Park, help conserve the ecosystem and landscapes within the Balkan Mountains. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000m (3,300 and 9,800ft), snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins. [130] In 1492, Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying. The exact number of smuggled humans who die a brutal death in the Alps, can only be estimated.[151]. [155], Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries.

"[127] Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountainscholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa. [31], From 11 December 2016, it has been part of the regular railway timetable and used hourly as standard ride between Basel/Lucerne/Zurich and Bellinzona/Lugano/Milan. [55], Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. The Himalayas are perhaps the most famous of all mountain ranges. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates. The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses.

The range continues onward toward Vienna, Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia.[16][17][18].

Russia [144][145][146], Fall 1932, Adolf Hitler commissioned the first of a series of refurbishments, which eventually turned a mountain cottage, later named Berghof, into a fortified citadel.

The Owl Mountains are a mountain range located in southwestern Poland. The Ligures and Adriatic Veneti lived in Northwest Italy and Triveneto respectively. Major mountain range system in Central Europe, "Alpe" redirects here. The highest sub-range in the Carpathians is the Tatra Mountains, which is located in Slovakia, and the highest peak is Gerlachovsk tt, which is also located in Slovakia and has an elevation of 2,655 m. The Scandinavian Mountains are a range located in the Scandinavian Peninsula, with the western edge dropping into the Norwegian Sea and the North Sea, forming the spectacular Norwegian fjords. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". A railroad with a tunnel 1.6km (1mi) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5km (2.8mi) and poses danger to racers who reach 130km/h (81mph) within seconds of leaving the start gate. Numerical modeling suggests that glacial erosion propagates from low elevations to high elevations leading to an early increase of local relief followed by lowering of the mean orogen elevation. Several airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access.[6]. Meanwhile, the Augustinians maintained abbeys in Savoy and one in Interlaken. [78][79] Significant changes, of both natural and anthropogenic origins, have already been diagnosed from observations,[80][81][82] including a 5.6% reduction per decade in snow cover duration over the last 50years, which also highlights climate change adaptation needs due to impacts on the climate and regional socio-economic activities. The mountain range stretches approximately 750 miles (1,200 kilometers) in a crescent . Geografick zajmavost a tip na pjemn vlet", "Alp | Origin and meaning of alp by Online Etymology Dictionary", "Alpine Convention - the Convention - the Alpine Convention in a nutshell - the Alps - Home", "Die Alpen: Hydrologie und Verkehrsbergnge (German)", "Ronce, le gardien silencieux du col du Mont-Cenis", "Was die Tunnelbauer im Gotthard antrafen", "The 4000ers of the Alps: Official UIAA List", "Present-day uplift of the European Alps: Evaluating mechanisms and models of their relative contributions", "Hypsometric analysis to identify spatially variable glacial erosion", "Spatial and temporal variations of glacial erosion in the Rhne valley (Swiss Alps): Insights from numerical modeling", "Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries", "100-year mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation", "Atlantic influence on spring snowfall over the Alps in the past 150 years".

[12][13] The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as Horn, Kogel, Kopf, Gipfel, Spitze, Stock, and Berg are used in German-speaking regions; Mont, Pic, Tte, Pointe, Dent, Roche, and Aiguille in French-speaking regions; and Monte, Picco, Corno, Punta, Pizzo, or Cima in Italian-speaking regions. Many passes are closed in winter. 6 March 2013. (2011).

[125] The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. The range has a length of approximately 1,200 km and stretches across eight Alpine countries in Central, Western, and Southern Europe.

While the location and manner of his death suggests that tzi was traveling. India, Nepal, China, Bhutan, Pakistan.

[94] Classified as antelopes,[12] chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range. The Russian troops broke out, mauled the French troops, and retreated through the Panix Pass. Cities such as Milan depend on 80% of water from Alpine runoff. It is a dormant volcano with two summits, the taller west summit that has an elevation of 5,642 m, and the shorter east summit that has an elevation of 5,621 m. The major mountain ranges of Europe Characteristics of the Pyrenees Mountains The Carpathian Mountains Mont Blanc A mountain range that had an earthquake in 1980 Skills Practiced. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. [44], Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillire zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era.

[92] The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of the forest. [57], Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhne Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. The tip of the mountain consists of gneisses from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. Several islands, such as Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya, are a continuation of the Ural Mountains that run below the sea and emerge again on the islands. The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700m (2,600 to 5,600ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400m (5,200 to 7,900ft). [49], Due to the ever-present geologic instability, earthquakes continue in the Alps to this day. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process,[37] caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates[40] that began in the late Cretaceous Period. [153], The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse.

Here, the definition of Western Europe includes: Austria. In 1800, Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. Mershman, Francis. The tallest and longest mountain ranges, with pictures. Which country has the highest mountains in Europe? [76], Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff. [171], Some high mountain villages are car-free either because of inaccessibility or by choice. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage, and loss of life. In the German-speaking parts of the Alps (Austria, Bavaria, South Tyrol, Liechtenstein and Switzerland), there is a strong tradition of Alpine folk culture.

Mountain ranges of Europe by country (36 C) * Mountain ranges of the Alps (75 C, 193 P) Mountain ranges of the Apennines (16 P) Mountain ranges of the Caucasus (4 C, 23 P) Mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula (3 C, 2 P) A. Alps (21 C, 41 P) Ardennes and Eifel (2 C, 1 P) B. [12] A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief deciduous treesoak, beech, ash and sycamore maple. [107] Celt tribes settled in modern-day Switzerland between 1500 and 1000 BC. Mont Blanc 3. [104] By the 6th century BC the La Tne culture was well established in the region,[108] and became known for high quality Celtic art. The Maurienne province and its capital Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is a massive fortification built on cliffs and steep mountains. [55] Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and talus slopes are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000m (1,600 and 3,300ft), depending on the location. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. After World War II, members of the Schutzstaffel that feared prosecution as war criminals, known in modern English only as SS, disappeared into a crowd of refugees. [152] Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology. [35], Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century.

The Alps are a major mountain range in central Europe. Mountain ranges refer to a sequence of hills or mountains laid out in a line and linked together by high ground. [67], Major European rivers flow from the Alps, such as the Rhine, the Rhne, the Inn, and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea.

A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the AustrianItalian border in 1991.[5]. [100], Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. The highest peak in the range is Mount Narodnaya, which has an elevation of 1,894 m. Black Forest is a mountain range located in the southwestern German state of Baden-Wrttemberg. Schmid, Stefan M. (2004). Carpathians The Carpathian Mountains form an arc extending from Central Europe to Eastern Europe, covering a distance of approximately 1,500 km and ranking as the third longest mountain range in Europe, after the Urals and the Scandinavian Mountains. The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous crevasses, often invisible under new snowfall, which causes the greatest danger to mountaineers. France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia. The Alpine arch extends from Nice on the western Mediterranean to Trieste on the Adriatic and Vienna at the beginning of the Pannonian Basin. While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 and the Jungfrau in 1811, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the second half of the 19th century, notably Piz Bernina (1850), the Dom (1858), the Grand Combin (1859), the Weisshorn (1861) and the Barre des crins (1864); the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. The Balkan Mountains are closely connected to the history of Bulgaria, and are considered to have the nation and its people. The Alps separate Italy from countries to the north. De Graciansky, Pierre-Charles et al. [77], Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. [15] Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzerland, and northern Tyrol. [41], Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, forming characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults.

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