The one who will be found in trial capable of great acts of love is ever the one who is always doing considerate small ones. [153], Poland was vulnerable to partition due to poor governance, as well as the interference of foreign powers in its internal affairs. The more I see of men, the better I like my dog. Frederick Wilhelm thought these interests were effeminate,[12] as they clashed with his militarism, resulting in his frequent beating and humiliation of Frederick. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 
Frederick saw this project as the "taming" and "conquering" of nature,[223] considering uncultivated land "useless",[224] an attitude that reflected his enlightenment era, rationalist sensibilities. A new biography of "the Great Elector" takes a deeper look at the life of the famous member of German royalty and debunks myths. Germany itself did not exist as a single nation as we know it today, but was instead a union of different principalities, counties and cities, headed by an emperor known as an elector. Although Frederick managed to bring his army up to 190,000 men by the time the economy had largely recovered in 1772, which made it the third-largest army in Europe, almost none of the officers in this army were veterans of his generation and the King's attitude towards them was extremely harsh. [66] Though Frederick had served under Prince Eugene of Savoy, this was his first major battle in command of an army. [5], Frederick WilliamI, popularly dubbed the "Soldier King", had created a large and powerful army that included a regiment of his famous "Potsdam Giants"; he carefully managed the kingdom's wealth and developed a strong centralised government. WebFrederick William III's Call for National Mobilization, "To My People" (March 17, 1813) Following Napoleons defeat in Russia in 1812, there was growing pressure in Germany for a war to expel the French. [323] For example, immediately after World War II images of Prussia were removed from public spaces,[324] including Frederick's equestrian statue on the Unter den Linden, but in 1980 his statue was once more re-erected on its original location. Myth 1: Frederick William of Brandenburg is the founding father of Prussia. [102] When the Saxon forces in Pirna finally capitulated in October 1756, Frederick forcibly incorporated them into his own army. [133], The sudden death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia in January 1762 led to the succession of the Prussophile PeterIII, her German nephew, who was also the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Maria Theresa had only reluctantly agreed to the partition, to which Frederick sarcastically commented, "she cries, but she takes". [214] In Polish Prussia, he confiscated the Roman Catholic Church's goods and property,[167] making clergy dependent on the government for their pay and defining how they were to perform their duties. In August, he fought the Russian forces to a draw at the Battle of Zorndorf, in which nearly a third of Frederick's soldiers were casualties. But he was just, intelligent, and skilled in the management of affairs it was through his efforts, through his tireless labour, that I have been able to accomplish everything that I have done since. [138] These subsidies ceased when Frederick allied with PeterIII,[139] partly because of the changed political situation[140] and also because of Great Britain's decreasing willingness to pay the sums Frederick wanted. There are no circumlocutions, he gives factual and historical proof of the assertions he makes, for he is well versed in history."[293]. von Preuen und die Hofoper", "Homage to Frederick the Great-The royal flutist", "Picture Gallery at Sanssouci Park in Potsdam celebrates 250th anniversary with exhibition", "La Prusse n'est pas un pays qui a une arme, c'est une arme qui a un pays", "Ask MHQ: Robert Citino's Top 10 German Military Commanders", "The Double Headed Eagle and Scottish Rite Masonry", "Does Hogarth Depict Old Fritz Truthfully with a Crooked Beak?The Pictures Familiar to Us from Pesne to Menzel Don't Show This", "Frederick the Great at peacenot Germany", "Friedrich II. His reputation became less favourable in Germany after World WarII, partly due to his status as a Nazi symbol. The greatest and noblest pleasure which we have in this world is to discover new truths, and the next is to shake off old prejudices. [193] Frederick had nine siblings who lived to adulthood. [297] According to Citino, "When later generations of Prussian-German staff officers looked back to the age of Frederick, they saw a commander who repeatedly, even joyfully, risked everything on a single day's battle his army, his kingdom, often his very life. Frederick II (German: Friedrich II. [235] His flute sonatas were often composed in collaboration with Johann Joachim Quantz,[236] who was Frederick's occasional music tutor in his youth[237] and joined his court as composer and flute maker in 1741. [132] On 6 January 1762, Frederick wrote to Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, "We ought now to think of preserving for my nephew, by way of negotiation, whatever fragments of my territory we can save from the avidity of my enemies". Frederick the Great may be the best-known member of the Hohenzollern royal dynasty, but many of Prussia's achievements date back to his great-grandfather at least according to myth. When Gotzkowsky asked for a deferral during the Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763, Frederick took over his porcelain factory, now known as KPM. These works, which were often completed in collaboration with Graun,[d] included the operas Coriolano (1749), Silla (1753), Montezuma (1755), and Il tempio d'Amore (1756). [196] He commissioned Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky to promote the trade and to take on the competition with France put a silk factory where soon 1,500 people found employment. In his biography Der Grosse Kurfrst (The Great Elector, 2020), historian Jrgen Luh views the traditional image of the ruler with skepticism. [73] The Austrians counter-attacked on 17 May 1742, initiating the Battle of Chotusitz. [97] To strengthen his strategic position against this coalition,[98] on 29 August 1756, Frederick's well-prepared army preemptively invaded Saxony. He reformed the judicial system and made it possible for men of lower status to become judges and senior bureaucrats. [226], Frederick's interest in land reclamation may have resulted from his upbringing. [169] For their part, the Austrians tried to pressure the French to participate in the War of Bavarian Succession since there were guarantees under consideration related to the Peace of Westphalia, clauses which linked the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty of Austria. [18] When Frederick William heard rumours of their relationship, Keith was sent away to an unpopular regiment near the Dutch frontier. [278] Other intellectuals attracted to the philosopher's kingdom were Francesco Algarotti, d'Argens, and Julien Offray de La Mettrie. Frederick's goal was to make Berlin a European cultural centre that rivalled London and Paris in the arts and sciences. [27] The king condemned Katte to death and forced Frederick to watch his beheading at Kstrin on 6 November, leading the crown prince to faint just before the fatal blow. [215], Like many leading figures in the Age of Enlightenment, Frederick was a Freemason,[216] having joined during a trip to Brunswick in 1738. [46] Frederick's years dedicated to the arts instead of politics ended upon the 1740 death of Frederick William and his inheritance of the Kingdom of Prussia. With the help of French experts, he organised a system of indirect taxation, which provided the state with more revenue than direct taxation; though French officials administering it may have pocketed some of the profit. [42] Frederick William, weakened by gout and seeking to reconcile with his heir, granted Frederick Schloss Rheinsberg in Rheinsberg, north of Neuruppin. [77], By 1743, the Austrians had subdued Bavaria and driven the French out of Bohemia. Frederick William (1620-1688) was elector of Brandenburg from 1640 to 1688. [49] Moreover, the Prussian infantry trained by Frederick William I were, at the time of Frederick's accession, arguably unrivalled in discipline and firepower. Luh however disagrees:The ruler gave himself this title and made sure his lofty name was spread throughout Europe by his diplomats. Frederick William was eventually succeeded by Frederick I [115] In the meantime, the Russian army had advanced within 100 miles (160km) east of Berlin. In 1752 he wrote to his sister Wilhelmine that people indifferent to loyal animals would not be devoted to their human comrades either, and that it was better to be too sensitive than too harsh. [110] Frederick hoped these two victories would force Austria to negotiate, but Maria Theresa was determined not to make peace until she had recovered Silesia, and the war continued. Moreover, once he ascended the Prussian throne, he found it increasingly difficult to apply the philosophical ideas of his youth to his role as king. In 1701, he upgraded the duchy to royalty by gaining favors from Leopold I, Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor, and became the first King in Tensions eased slightly when Frederick William visited Kstrin a year later, and Frederick was allowed to visit Berlin on the occasion of his sister Wilhelmine's marriage to Margrave Frederick of Bayreuth on 20 November 1731. In the course of the fighting, Frederick's cavalry was disorganised by a charge of the Austrian horse. He served my brother from feelings of real devotion, and kept him informed of all the king's actions. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his reorganisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment. Shoe designers fashioning a trans-inclusive Argentina, Alexander von Humboldt: A 19th century German home story, The legal drama of Germany's ex-royals, the Hohenzollern family, Germany's palaces are major tourist attractions, but where did all the kings and queens go?
Has the reintroduction of cheetahs to India been a success? Wilhelmine recorded that the two "soon became inseparable. [213] Frederick was also less tolerant of Catholicism in his occupied territories. ", Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel-Bevern, Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism, https://archive.org/details/onplayingflute00quan/page/n23, Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, "The First Partition of Poland and the War of the Bavarian Succession", "The Berlin Academy under Frederick the Great", "Kingship, sexuality and courtly masculinity: Frederick the Great and Prussia on the cusp of modernity", "Legal eeforms: Changing the law in Germany in the, "Dissembling orthodoxy in the age of the enlightenment: Frederick the Great and his confession of faith", "Servant leadership: A systematic literature reviewToward a model of antecedents and outcomes", "King Frederick the Great Anti-Machiavellian and servant leader? Hurt, Blow, People. [38] These included visits to her on her birthday and were some of the rare occasions when Frederick did not wear military uniform. Friedrich der Groe: Die DDR und der Preuenknig", "Der bse Mann: Unterschiedlicher als der Preue Friedrich II. Paintings by different schools were displayed strictly separately: 17th-century Flemish and Dutch paintings filled the western wing and the gallery's central building, while Italian paintings from the High Renaissance and Baroque were exhibited in the eastern wing. There are no great people in this world, only great challenges which ordinary people rise to meet. After his father's death, the 20-year-old took over the government of Brandenburg as Elector in the Holy Roman Empire. [194], Around 1751 Frederick founded the Emden Company to promote trade with China. [25] While the royal retinue was near Mannheim in the Electorate of the Palatinate, Robert Keith, who was Peter Keith's brother and also one of Frederick's companions, had an attack of conscience when the conspirators were preparing to escape and begged Frederick William for forgiveness on 5 August 1730. The situation is summed up in a widely translated and quoted aphorism attributed to Mirabeau, who asserted in 1786 that "La Prusse n'est pas un pays qui a une arme, c'est une arme qui a un pays"[50] ("Prussia was not a state in possession of an army, but an army in possession of a state"). He was interested in attracting a diversity of skills to his country, whether from Jesuit teachers, Huguenot citizens, or Jewish merchants and bankers. atheist and gay frederick the great was more [227], Frederick founded the first veterinary school in Prussia. God is always with the strongest battalions. [4] The new king wished for his children to be educated not as royalty, but as simple folk. [76] This victory, along with the Franco-Bavarian forces capturing Prague, forced the Austrians to seek peace. [13] Nevertheless, Frederick, with the help of his tutor in Latin, Jacques Duhan, procured for himself a 3,000 volume secret library of poetry, Greek and Roman classics, and philosophy to supplement his official lessons. Prussia was the twelfth largest country in Europe in terms of population, but its army was the fourth largest: only the armies of France, Russia and Austria were larger. [188] Graumann's currency reform slightly lowered the silver content of Prussian thaler from .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}112 Cologne mark of silver to 114,[189] which brought the metal content of the thaler into alignment with its face value,[190] and it standardised the Prussian coinage system. A man, who can, in cold blood, hunt and torture a poor, innocent animal, cannot feel much compassion for the distress of his own species. WebThe Great Elector is most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. He had little in common with his bride, and the marriage was resented as an example of the Austrian political interference that had plagued Prussia. Matthias Czwiczek 1642 Adriaen Hanneman, 1647 Portrait with Luise Henriette of Nassau, 1647 English: With scepter, armour, elector's hat and cape by Govert Flinck, 1652. They were tutored by a French woman, Madame de Montbail, who had also educated Frederick William. [40] When Prussia provided a contingent of troops to aid the Army of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Polish Succession, Frederick studied under Prince Eugene of Savoy during the campaign against France on the Rhine;[41] he noted the weakness of the Imperial Army under Eugene's command, something that he would capitalise on at Austria's expense when he later took the throne. [64] It also prevented AugustusIII, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, from seeking to connect his own disparate lands through Silesia. [30] The crown prince returned to Berlin after finally being released from his tutelage at Kstrin on 26 February 1732 on condition that he marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern. Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620-1688) is reputed to have promoted religious tolerance, introduced military discipline and established an effective bureaucracy. This created an interest in cultivation and development that the boy retained when he became ruler. When Frederick ascended the throne as the third "King in Prussia" in 1740, his realm consisted of scattered territories, including Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg in the west of the Holy Roman Empire; Brandenburg, Hither Pomerania, and Farther Pomerania in the east of the Empire; and the Kingdom of Prussia, the former Duchy of Prussia, outside of the Empire bordering the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. There, he was defeated at the Battle of Hochkirch on 14 October, although the Austrian forces were not able to exploit their victory. No one can be great, or good, or happy except through the inward efforts of themselves. [146] During this time, Frederick also suffered a number of personal losses. [292] Austrian co-ruler, Emperor Joseph II wrote, "When the King of Prussia speaks on problems connected with the art of war, which he has studied intensively and on which he has read every conceivable book, then everything is taut, solid and uncommonly instructive. In this respect, he was not very tolerant. [81] In the interim, Frederick also successfully claimed his inheritance to the minor territory of East Frisia on the North Sea coast of Germany, occupying the territory after its last ruler died without issue in 1744. However, on 15 December 1745, Prussian forces under the command of Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau soundly defeated the Saxons at the Battle of Kesselsdorf. However, Frederick William himself lived like a poor person to bring about this massive change and development in the kingdom. Frederick was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declaring himself King of Prussia after annexing Royal Prussia from the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. Later, Elisabeth Christine accompanied Frederick to Schloss Rheinsberg, where at this time she played an active role in his social life. Because he died childless, he was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick WilliamII. [301] To this day, Frederick continues to be held in high regard as a military theorist and has been described as representing the embodiment of the art of war. Believing his forces had been defeated, Frederick galloped away to avoid capture,[67] leaving Field Marshal Kurt Schwerin in command to lead the disciplined Prussian infantry to victory. [1] He was born sometime between 11 and 12 p.m. on 24 January 1712 in the Berlin Palace and was baptised with the single name Friedrich by Benjamin Ursinus von Br on 31 January. "[47], In one defining respect Frederick would come to the throne with an exceptional inheritance. As soon as you get away from the frontier, the Jews become a disadvantage, they form cliques, they deal in contraband and get up to all manner of rascally tricks which are detrimental to Christian burghers and merchants. [136] With the threat to his eastern borders over, and France also seeking peace after its defeats by Britain, Frederick was able to fight the Austrians to a stalemate and finally brought them to the peace table. Myth 5: His great-grandson brought the potato to Germany. Theologians are all alike, of whatever religion or country they may be; their aim is always to wield despotic authority over men's consciences; they therefore persecute all of us who have the temerity to tell the truth. [175] Finally, Catherine II of Russia threatened to enter the war on Frederick's side if peace was not negotiated, and Joseph reluctantly dropped his claim to Bavaria. [245] Frederick corresponded with key French Enlightenment figures, including Voltaire, who at one point declared Frederick to be a philosopher-king,[246] and the Marquis d'Argens, whom he appointed as Royal Chamberlain in 1742 and later as the Director of the Prussian Academy of Arts and Berlin State Opera. [b] [127] He won a marginal victory at the Battle of Torgau on 3 November,[128] which secured Berlin from further raids. He spent his time reading, watching and acting in dramatic plays, as well as composing and playing music. [88] After linking up his army with Leopold's, Frederick occupied the Saxon capitol of Dresden, forcing the Saxon elector, Augustus III, to capitulate. Frederick himself also proposed marrying Maria Theresa of Austria in return for renouncing the succession. [207] He continued to support them after their suppression by Pope Clement XIV. At Rheinsberg, Frederick assembled a small number of musicians, actors and other artists. Frederick strongly suspected Maria Theresa would resume war in an attempt to recover Silesia. [31], Initially, Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the niece of Empress Anna of Russia, but this plan was ardently opposed by Prince Eugene of Savoy. [157] Poland was predominantly Roman Catholic, but approximately ten per cent of Poland's population, 600,000 Eastern Orthodox and 250,000 Protestants, were non-Catholic dissenters. Frederick was the son of then-Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia and his wife, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover. His sense of aesthetics can be seen in the picture gallery at Sanssouci, which presents architecture, painting, sculpture and the decorative arts as a unified whole. "[16] Wilhelmine would further record that "Though I had noticed that he was on more familiar terms with this page than was proper in his position, I did not know how intimate the friendship was."
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