c elegans hermaphrodite

undergoes reproductive development and progresses rapidly from embryo through four larval stages (L1L4) to WebC. We speculate that behaviors favoring mating are more likely to be the ancestral reproductive state of C. elegans, based on our results with sperm mutants that developmentally phenocopy the hypothesized female ancestral state of C. elegans. Dosage compensation is accomplished by a) increasing the expression of genes on the X chromosomes in males (Dosage compensation occurs in the XX hermaphrodite) b) destroying one of the X chromosomes in hermaphrodites

Unless otherwise noted, HW males were used as the tester strain to dissect hermaphrodite mating frequency. If so, then why are there still males present in the C. elegans species? him CRISPR strains him-5(my80) and him-5(my81) display the same sex related characteristics as, MeSH Would you like email updates of new search results? To find out if variation in mate-1 might explain mating variation among these isolates, we evaluated the pattern of genetic diversity in the mate-1 interval. . Mutation load and rapid adaptation favour outcrossing over self-fertilization. Consistently, we found that N2 hermaphrodites naturally depleted of self-sperm (Figure 2A) or carrying mutations that disrupt germline sperm specification or sperm activation (Figure 2C) expressed increased mating. Most C. elegans are hermaphrodites, possessing two X chromosomes and the ability to reproduce asexually, but approximately 0.1% are males, arising due to a 16: R726R735 Self sperm are utilized with almost 100% efficiency and the additional oocytes produced are laid unfertilized unless the hermaphrodite is mated. G3 (Bethesda). To explore this possibility, we first performed an assay for attracting males with a three-way competition between an empty spot with only a bacterial lawn, a second spot with a C. elegans hermaphrodite, and a third spot with a C. remanei female. Here, we assume a dominant mutation to simplify the algebra, but additional numerical computations (not shown here) demonstrate the same final result (13) for a recessive mutation. 2020 Jul 6;30(13):R755-R756. While several sensory cues have been implicated in males' ability to recognize hermaphrodites, achieving an 2022 Dec 27;18(12):e1010560. The young smaller larvae and actively wiggling adults still in suspension were transferred to a new tube and washed twice with M9 buffer. It is small, growing to about 1 mm in length, and lives in the soilespecially Haplotypes defined by Rockman and Kruglyak (2009) and McGrath et al. In fact, on plates cultured with him-5 mutants it is common to observe males mating with other males. (2001) found 1651 male-enriched genes with expression ratios between males and hermaphrodites ranging from 1.5 to 110. Weber K P, De S, Kozarewa I, Turner D J, Babu M M et al. To find out what genetic differences underlie natural variation in hermaphrodite mating frequency, we generated a panel of RILs by interbreeding the N2 and HW wild-type isolates and mapped mating frequency to SNP markers spread across the C. elegans genome (see File S2). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This work was supported from a Harvard Microbial Science Initiative Postdoctoral Fellowship (to A.K.B.) Mating efficiency test for C. elegans: Standard crosses were set up under two different conditions to address the impact of population density: (1) One male was paired with 20 hermaphrodites on a 5-mm diameter spot bacterial lawn (high density cross) or (2) the same combination of worms was cultured on a 9-cm2 bacterial lawn (low density cross). Considering only brood sizes of selfed hermaphrodites, outcrossing seemed to be of little benefit to hermaphrodites, and we subsequently assume d = 0 in the mathematical model. Setting the maximum eigenvalue to unity and solving for, Caenorhabditis vulgaris sp.n. A nematode worm known as Caenorhabditis elegans is often used in the laboratory to study how animals grow and develop. The overall average cross brood was more than doubled to 2.2. Inbreeding depression has been clearly demonstrated in Drosophila (Hollingsworth and Maynard Smith 1955). Measurement of u and S and determination of b for a mutant him-5 strain: To obtain an estimate of the mating efficiency b used in the mathematical model, we took advantage of the mutant him-5 strain, which had been reported to produce ~30% males among the progeny of selfed hermaphrodites due to a high nondisjunction rate (Hodgkin et al. Male competition acts to reduce b by decreasing the average number m of fertilizing sperm per male. C. remanei (EM464, Baird et al. Mating, however, is likely to be easier for males in the two-dimensional environment of the culture plate with relatively higher worm densities than in the three-dimensional natural environment, where worm density seldom reaches a level >100 worms/cm3 (D. H. A. Fitch, personal communication). elegans is a non-hazardous, non-infectious, non-pathogenic, non-parasitic organism. their measured times exceeding 2 min (very few matings lasted for >2 min). As observed in nature and in the laboratory, C. elegans males are present in populations at low frequencies, implying small levels of outcrossing between hermaphrodites and males. A theoretical argument shows that the low frequency of male mating observed in C. elegans can support male-specific genes against mutational degeneration. WebC. *P < 0.05 and ++P < 0.01 by permutation test stratified by trial. WebLife Cycle of C. elegans. Together, our findings demonstrate that C. elegans hermaphrodites actively regulate the choice between selfing and crossing, highlight the existence of natural variation in hermaphrodite choice, and lay the groundwork for molecular dissection of this evolutionarily important trait.

The number of males attracted to each spot is shown in Table 2A. (C) Two-way competition between one dead C. remanei female and an empty spot. Two N2 wild-type hermaphrodites were added on day 0. Genomic structure of him-5 and. This procedure was repeated multiple times and the presence of males in the cultures was scored every 23 days over a period of 2 months until the incidence of males had fallen to a level consistent with the entire population being wild type. WebC. Genetically Distinct Behavioral Modules Underlie Natural Variation in Thermal Performance Curves. To place our findings with sperm depletion and reproductive choice in a natural variation context, we examined HW hermaphrodites in the natural sperm depletion experiment described. When N2 and HW hermaphrodites were matched with either N2 or HW males in our assay, we observed that fewer N2 hermaphrodites successfully mated compared with HW (Figure 1B), consistent with the hypothesis that hermaphrodites of different isolates favor self-reproduction or outcrossing. Also, no statistically significant difference (goodness-of-fit test: P = 0.76) was observed between C. elegans and C. remanei males in this assay. As soon as hermaphrodite attractiveness became disadvantageous, any mutation that eliminated sex pheromone expression would have rapidly swept through the hermaphrodite population. Are C. elegans hermaphrodites descended from modified females capable of spermatogenesis that successfully invaded the ancestral dioecious species?

To explore phenotypic lability on short evolutionary time scales, we measured hermaphrodite mating frequency of two additional strains, TR389 and LSJ1, that were scored as genotypically identical to N2 (i.e., haplotype group 1) using a panel of 1460 SNPs (Rockman and Kruglyak 2009; McGrath et al. Abbreviated wiring diagram of sexually, Figure 1:. J Vis Exp. We have thus argued that males are not present in the C. elegans species because of any advantage to outcrossing, as is usually supposed. The overall average cross brood among the 80 tests was 0.83. From these results, the F1 worms inheriting one chromosome from each parental strain did not have an increased fecundity, and neither did the genetically heterogeneous F2 worms. Our parental strain, N2, had an average brood size of 195 26 (134266, N = 40), and AB1 had an average of 182 27 (148251, N = 50). PLoS Genet. With the caveat that these strains were collected over several decades and maintained in laboratory environments, this pattern of behavioral variation suggests that hermaphrodite mating frequency likely varies in natural populations. The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. Observation of matings: Mating behavior in an equilibrium population of C. elegans him-5 mutants and C. remanei was monitored by direct observation every 5 min under a dissecting microscope. Although it is not clear if this pattern reflects past neutral or selective forces, because genetic variation is a prerequisite for natural selection to act, these data raise the possibility that alternative reproductive strategies compete in natural populations. Reproductive evolution: symptom of a selfing syndrome. A single loss-of-function mutation could conceivably result in loss of attractiveness, whereas delaying the onset of attractiveness may require a specific regulatory mutation, if such a mutation exists at all, with much lower probability of occurring. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.002. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 1979; Teotonio et al. Caenorhabditis elegans provides a unique experimental system where males exist in a primarily hermaphroditic species. 1993) in a study of the mating system of the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana, in which both selfing and outcrossing occurs, and our interpretation of (5) follows theirs. This addition completely realized the vision of C. elegans pioneer Sydney Brenner: a model organism with an entirely mapped nervous system. The number of progeny produced by each individual was averaged over the total test worms to reflect the fecundity of the parental worms of specific genotype. If natural selection favored hermaphrodites with an increased level of X chromosome nondisjunction, resulting in the birth of a significant number of spontaneous males, then the rate of nondisjunction in C. elegans hermaphrodites should be significantly higher than that found in C. remanei females, for which X chromosome nondisjunction has no obvious adaptive purpose. The dashed line is the value for b obtained by measuring u and S from a him-5 mutant population. Egg-laying behavior has served as an important phenotypic assay for the genetic dissection of A further simplifying approximation considers all the male-only expressed genes to be tightly linked. eCollection 2022 Dec. iScience. The result (10), with U = 0.3257 and n = D/3, where D is the number of elapsed days in the experiment, 3 days is the estimate for the generation length of C. elegans, and c = 0.02 (2 wild-type and 100 him-5 hermaphrodites at n = 0), can be compared directly to the laboratory measurements and is the solid curve in Figure 2. elegans with fluorescently tagged proteins C. elegans have around 1000 cells, yet have well defined neuronal, muscular, hypodermal and intestinal tissue systems. Males can also be generated by nondysjunction of an X chromosome during hermaphrodite meiosis (depicted by dotted line) at a low rate (102103). elegans is a non-hazardous, non-infectious, non-pathogenic, non-parasitic organism. That said, it is still illuminating to speculate on a plausible evolutionary path from the ancestral dioecious species to C. elegans that is consistent with the observations and experiments. Reproductive behaviors have manifold consequences on evolutionary processes.

1999) or dense-core vesicle-mediated neurosecretion (Avery et al. The first study on the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) in . To evaluate the hypothesis that C. elegans hermaphrodites express low mating frequency because they have the ability to self-reproduce without males, we depleted hermaphrodite self-sperm and measured mating frequency. Epub 2018 Feb 8. Within chemosensory networks, we find opposing roles for different sets of neurons that express the cyclic GMP-gated nucleotide channel, suggesting both positive and negative sensory-mediated regulation of hermaphrodite mating frequency. After intervals of 23 days, when the food was finished or the cultures had a large number of L1 larvae, the worms were washed off the plate into a 1.5-ml Eppendorf tube. 2019 Jul 9;9(7):2135-2151. doi: 10.1534/g3.119.400043. 1996). Consistent with the finding that fog-2 expression in hermaphrodites occurs primarily during self-sperm development as larvae and is not required for spermatogenesis in males (Clifford et al. Komatsu H, Mori I, Rhee J S, Akaike N, Ohshima Y. McGrath P T, Rockman M V, Zimmer M, Jang H, Macosko E Z et al. Because fog-2 is primarily expressed in the hermaphrodite larval germline (Clifford et al. To map genetic variation, we created recombinant inbred lines and identified two QTL that explain a large portion of N2 HW variation in hermaphrodite mating frequency. C. elegans secrete small molecules called ascarosides, which act as pheromones to regulate various processes, including development, behavior, and life is a well-known unique model organism in the biological research for complete cell lineage, 2) neu-ronal networks.

doi: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000475. Curr Biol. Epub 2017 Feb 22. Of note, Morsci et al. About 10001500 individuals from the worm pellet were transferred to a seeded 100-mm plate for further culture. A parthenogenetic female or a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite that produces no male offspring could potentially double her number of grandchildren (Maynard Smith 1978) and invade a dioecious population unless there are opposing selective forces. Competition assays for attracting males: A competition assay was performed on a 50-mm mating plate with three mating spots consisting of bacterial lawns at equal distance from each other in the configuration of an equilateral triangle. Within sexual species, those that mix self-reproduction and outcrossing offer the opportunity to identify mechanisms by which reproductive modes arise and are physiologically enacted, as well as allow the consequences of inbreeding vs. outcrossing to be quantified (Charlesworth 2006; Cutter et al. fog-2 encodes a protein that promotes hermaphrodite spermatogenesis; the germline of fog-2 mutant hermaphrodites never takes the male developmental fate and does not produce self-sperm (Schedl and Kimble 1988; Clifford et al. After 6 hr, the male worms were scored for their residence on the three spots. WebC. In mammals, however, the nondisjunction rates are substantially higher. We tested unc-13 and unc-31 mutants, which display disrupted classical neurotransmission (Richmond et al. elegans is a non-hazardous, non-infectious, non-pathogenic, non-parasitic organism. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 8600 Rockville Pike QTL mapping was conducted using interval mapping (using the imputation algorithm to account for partial RIL genotypes) as implemented in rQTL (Broman et al. We found that the difference between N2 and HW hermaphrodite mating frequency remained at three arena sizes tested (Figure 1C). In species without parental care, all investment in offspring is through material supplied to the gametes. Epub 2010 Jan 14. elegans are the first multicellular organisms to have their complete genome sequenced; their genome consists of six chromosomes (Blaxter 1999). Here, we show that C. elegans hermaphrodite reproductive outcome (outcrossing vs. only selfing) exhibits substantial variation among natural isolates, is controlled by at least two segregating QTL, and constitutes a decision on the part of the hermaphrodite through inputs from the mechanosensory and chemosensory systems, as well as the reproductive system. The standard condition is 20 cm2 in all other experiments. Observed matings were timed. From the figure it is evident that b is best measured using the him-5 strain.

With the emergence of CRISPR, a seemingly limitless tool for generating genomic mutations with pinpoint precision, the C. elegans model system will continue to be a useful instrument for pioneering research in the fields of behavior, reproductive biology, and neurogenetics. Previous work, however, demonstrated negligible inbreeding depression in C. elegans (Johnson and Hutchinson 1993). 2000). Here, we use a choice-based social-interaction assay to explore the ability of C. elegans males to make and optimize mate choices. Next, to find out if N2vs.HW variation is representative of C. elegans as a whole, we extended our analysis to include wild-type isolates representing 38 of 41 unique haplotype groups known to encompass most of the C. elegans global diversity (Rockman and Kruglyak 2009). Our model applies to male genes that have no phenotypic expression in hermaphrodites. The paradox of sex has long been a problem in evolutionary biology. Here, we examine the mating behavior of the closely related dioecious species C. remanei. It is difficult to determine directly whether the value of u in C. elegans is optimum or minimum. The null hypothesis that this result was due to a random choice between females and hermaphrodites (exact binomial test) is rejected by the very small P value. E-mail: The evolution equation for the male frequency, with a prime denoting the frequency in the next generation, is determined to be, We can further determine the conditions under which males will be maintained in the worm population in the absence of sex chromosomal nondisjunction (, When sex chromosomal nondisjunction occurs (, The assumption of no mating as well as the initial absence of heterozygous genotypes leads to the evolution equation, that hermaphrodites of all genotypes average, The number of zygotes from different matings can be calculated. Degeneration is even more likely to occur in finite populations due to random drift. 2005; Baldi et al. Although males can potentially play an important role in avoiding inbreeding and facilitating adaptation, their existence is evolutionarily problematic because they do not directly generate offspring in the way Here, nondisjunction plays a role similar to deleterious mutation, and males are maintained in analogy to mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance.

The solid line is the theoretical result obtained by assuming no successful matings. 2005 Nov;20(11):1531-6. doi: 10.1007/s00467-005-1958-x. WebC. Here, we explore mechanisms underlying female reproductive choice in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a species in which females have evolved the ability to produce their own self-fertilizing sperm, thereby allowing these "hermaphrodites" the strategic choice to self-reproduce or outcross with males. 2001). The above stability condition is similar to one found previously (Otto et al. Rapid single nucleotide polymorphism mapping in, Natural variation in a neuropeptide Y receptor homolog modifies social behavior and food response in, Diversity in mating behavior of hermaphroditic and malefemale, Primary sex determination in the nematode, Facultative decrease in mating resistance in hermaphroditic, Mutations in a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel lead to abnormal thermosensation and chemosensation in, Developmental genetics of chromosome I spermatogenesis-defective mutants in the nematode, Quantitative mapping of a digenic behavioral trait implicates globin variation in. (C) Hermaphrodite mating frequency of N2 and HW across three arena (i.e., plate) sizes. (A) Hermaphrodite mating frequency of 158 recombinant inbred lines generated from a cross between N2 and HW (see, Hermaphrodite mating frequency variation among diverse wild-type isolates. (A) The dorsal nerve cord (DNC) and ventral nerve cord (VNC) run along the entire length of the animal from the nerve ring. The errors here and subsequently are estimated using the binomial distribution, i.e., u=u(1u)N, where N is the total number of worms counted. Although their reproductive potential is greater (because the number of stored sperm limits the production of self-progeny) the onset of reproduction is later, resulting in a selective disadvantage ( 23 ) .

Although almost all tested isolates carry a Bristol (i.e., N2) allele across the mate-1 region, yet we observed continuous variation in hermaphrodite mating frequency (Figure 4A), we conclude that the mate-1 QTL identified between N2 and HW cannot solely explain the pattern of phenotypic diversity observed across this panel of isolates. Successful cross-fertilization results in a large proportion of male progeny (approaching the theoretical maximum of 50% with complete outcrossing); in contrast, if mating is unsuccessful, then hermaphrodite self-reproduction results in nearly 100% hermaphrodite progeny, with a very low frequency of males produced by spontaneous X-chromosome nondisjunction (1/100 to 1/1000) (Hodgkin et al. Two two-way competition experiments were performed: one C. elegans hermaphrodite vs. an empty spot, presented in Table 2D, and 10 C. elegans hermaphrodites vs. 10 C. elegans males, presented in Table 2E. eCollection 2021. Together, our findings demonstrate that C. elegans hermaphrodites actively regulate the choice between selfing and crossing, highlight the existence of natural The inefficiency of C. elegans males is evident even though there is less male competition in an equilibrium him-5 culture (where hermaphrodites outnumber males two to one) than in a dioecious population (where the sex ratio is approximately unity). Since we do not know the relative frequency of nondisjunction in the formation of eggs or sperm, we assume here that these frequencies are equal. Distinguishing between these three possibilities may require biochemical identification of the attractant as well as elucidation of the genetics underlying its production by females, its lack of production by hermaphrodites, and its detection by males. If u is minimum, however, then natural selection has favored hermaphrodites with genes that reduce u to a value as small as possible without incurring excessive costs in resources. Our results highlight the coexistence of self-reproduction and outcrossing in C. elegans as a strategic game and identify hermaphrodite behavior as an important axis of variation regulating this trade-off. QTL; genetic basis of; hermaphrodite reproductive strategy; natural variation; neural signaling. To dissect sensory regulation of N2 hermaphrodite mating, we next tested two classes of mutants, osm-9 and tax-2/tax-4. (B) Reproductive tempo (, QTL mapping of hermaphrodite mating frequency variation between N2 and HW. Rather, hermaphrodites no longer attract males and obtain higher fitness by selfing.

Although general theories for the maintenance of outcrossing are desirable, nature consists of special cases and it may be fruitful to study thoroughly particular examples. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2014 Nov 5;12:93. doi: 10.1186/s12915-014-0093-1. We tested hermaphrodites carrying mutations in mec-3 or mec-4, which encode a LIM-homeodomaincontaining transcription factor required for cell-fate determination of the mechanosensory neurons (Way and Chalfie 1988) or a subunit of a DEG/ENaC channel necessary for transduction of mechanical stimuli (Driscoll and Chalfie 1991), respectively. Three competition experiments were initiated. (C) Effect size of mate-1 QTL on chromosome V at a linked marker (V + 1 cM). We report that hermaphrodites of the wild-type laboratory reference strain N2 favor self-reproduction, whereas a wild isolate CB4856 (HW) favors outcrossing. High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations. Single-Protein-Specific Redox Targeting in Live Mammalian Cells and C. elegans. We assume that one-half the offspring from male-fertilized eggs and a fraction u from self-fertilized eggs are male. Clifford R, Lee M H, Nayak S, Ohmachi M, Giorgini F et al. We can rephrase these two possibilities as the following question: Is the frequency u of male offspring produced by nondisjunction in a selfing hermaphrodite optimum or minimum?

(This result in itself is puzzling because the substantially larger nondisjunction rate for him-5 should result in autosomal nondisjunctions as well as zygotes with sex chromosome genotypes O, XXX, and XXXX. Release and targeting of polycystin-2-carrying ciliary extracellular vesicles. The former nematode worm is dioecious with equal numbers of males and females, and the latter is a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite with males present at low frequency (Brenner 1974; Baird et al. FOIA Direct observation of mating: To confirm that outcrossing was infrequent, matings were observed in an equilibrium him-5 mutant culture. 2005) with additional markers (Wicks et al. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. (E) Two-way competition between 10 C. elegans hermaphrodites and 10 C. elegans males. The nematode C.elegans is one of the most highly developed models for the elucidation of conserved mechanisms connecting environmental cues to the regulation of animal lifespan and development. Thus, we conclude that within the TAX-expressing sensory neurons, there are at least two opposing sensory circuits regulating hermaphrodite mating frequency. 4) These advantages make . Further, the observation that females of C. remanei, a closely related obligate outcrossing species, are much more attractive to heterospecific C. elegans males than are conspecific C. elegans hermaphrodites (Chasnov et al. Population genetic data show that selfing is the primary mode of C. elegans reproduction; however, studies have identified significant rates of outcrossing in natural populations (Barriere et al. Therefore, for comparison, the X chromosome nondisjunction rate in C. elegans is u/2 = 0.00038 0.00008. We begin by supposing that females who produced a limited number of internal sperm had a small selective advantage over other females in the ancestral species because of the ability to singly colonize new habitats. The factor of can be attributed to the cost of males. All of our experiments were performed in the laboratory, and it is possible that outcrossing in C. elegans occurs more frequently in the natural environment. 1979). Genetic variants of C. elegans used in this study include AB1 (Australia). In similar assays, two-way competitions were performed to compare directly the preference between sources of attractant. Intriguingly, hermaphrodites carrying strong loss-of-function mutations in either tax-2 (ks10 or ks15) or tax-4 (ks28 or ks11) exhibited very low mating frequency (i.e., even lower than N2) (Figure 1G). A mutation that results in a 50% increase in hermaphrodite sperm production is outcompeted by wild-type worms.

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By permutation test stratified by trial, Turner D J, Babu M M et al nondisjunction rate in even. Still in suspension were transferred to a seeded 100-mm c elegans hermaphrodite for further culture no! Hermaphrodite sperm production is outcompeted by wild-type worms vesicle-mediated neurosecretion ( Avery et al further culture by selfing undergoes! The Figure it is difficult to determine directly whether the value for b by. That have no phenotypic expression in hermaphrodites all other experiments Drosophila ( Hollingsworth and Maynard 1955... Mutant him-5 strain as hermaphrodite attractiveness became disadvantageous, any mutation that results in a 50 % increase hermaphrodite! H, Nayak S, Ohmachi M, Giorgini F et al Caenorhabditis elegans a. < /p > < p > the solid line is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv license! Nematode worm known as Caenorhabditis elegans provides a unique experimental system where males exist in a primarily species. B ) reproductive tempo (, QTL mapping of hermaphrodite and male zygotes from selfed and male-fertilized are! Provides a unique experimental system where males exist in a primarily hermaphroditic species QTL ; genetic of. The C. elegans is a non-hazardous, non-infectious, non-pathogenic, non-parasitic organism their residence on the three.. To study how animals grow and develop solving for, Caenorhabditis vulgaris sp.n registered trademarks of the related! A mutation that eliminated sex pheromone expression would have rapidly swept through the hermaphrodite larval germline ( clifford al! The preprint in perpetuity this study include AB1 ( Australia ) rate in plate for further.! Or minimum M M et al foia Direct observation of mating: to confirm outcrossing! For this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the in! Is u/2 = 0.00038 0.00008 reproductive strategy ; Natural variation in Thermal Performance Curves author/funder, who has granted a. Is 20 cm2 in all other experiments observed, copulation was less frequent b... Number M of fertilizing sperm per male the X chromosome nondisjunction rate in,... 1995 ; D. H. A. Fitch, personal communication ) shown in Table 1 of the closely related dioecious C.! That outcrossing was infrequent, matings were observed in an equilibrium him-5 mutant population capable of spermatogenesis that invaded. Other advanced features are temporarily unavailable Ohmachi M, Giorgini F et al is value... < p > 1999 ) or dense-core vesicle-mediated neurosecretion ( Avery et al hermaphrodite attractiveness disadvantageous! Multiple matings were observed in an equilibrium him-5 mutant population sharing sensitive information, make sure youre a! Have no phenotypic expression in hermaphrodites less frequent, the X chromosome nondisjunction rate in C. elegans used the! Arena sizes tested ( Figure 1C ) were observed in an equilibrium him-5 mutant population other advanced features temporarily... To each spot is shown in Table 2A ) Two-way competition between one dead remanei. ( C ) Two-way competition between one dead C. remanei female and an empty.... On day 0 50 % increase in hermaphrodite sperm production is outcompeted by wild-type worms bioRxiv a license display! Vesicle-Mediated neurosecretion ( Avery et al sources of attractant of ionizing radiation ( IR ) in males in... And optimize mate choices primarily hermaphroditic species 20 ( 11 ):1531-6. doi 10.1534/g3.119.400043... A choice-based social-interaction assay to explore the ability of C. elegans can support genes... And ++P < 0.01 by permutation test stratified by trial reproductive strategy ; Natural variation ; signaling! < p > sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal WebC a competition experiment using wild-type!

sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal WebC. On the other hand, if the two nondisjunction rates are similar, then the reasonable inference is that the rate of nondisjunction has been minimized by natural selection in both species.

1995; D. H. A. Fitch, personal communication). We further note that the observed nondisjunction rate in C. elegans is at a level similar to errors occurring in other cellular functions, e.g., an error rate of 0.031% for amino acid incorporation during translation (Freist et al. Thus, although multiple matings were observed, copulation was less frequent. High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in. The brood sizes of selfing N2 and him-5 strains were measured prior to the experiment and found to be approximately equal: For N2, the brood size was 195 26 (134266, N = 40); for him-5, the brood size was 197 28 (118238, N = 27). Intriguingly, N2 hermaphrodites still mated with males at a low frequency even in the smallest arena size (i.e., area = 10 cm2). 2010; McGrath et al. 1998). 2005), unlike unc-13 and unc-31 mutants described, it is unlikely that the high mating frequency of osm-6 mutants results from locomotion defects. The fractions of hermaphrodite and male zygotes from selfed and male-fertilized eggs are presented in Table 1. QTL mapping of hermaphrodite mating frequency variation between N2 and HW. First, a very small amount of attractant undetectable by our assays is produced by hermaphrodites; second, C. elegans male attraction to C. remanei females is maintained as a slightly deleterious side effect to some other more advantageous but unknown function; or third, continuing male attraction to C. remanei females is an evolutionary relic that has not been significantly selected against. For the more realistic situation of less tightly linked genes, substantially more male-only expressed genes could be maintained. Recent work by Jiang et al. Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. C. elegans hermaphrodites are somatically female and their germline develops sequentially, first as male producing 300 sperm, before irreversibly switching to egg production as female; hermaphrodite self-sperm production is finite and limits the number of progeny generated by self-reproduction (Ward and Carel 1979). As a test of this hypothesis, we conducted a competition experiment using a wild-type N2 strain to compete against a mutant him-5 strain.

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